






•-^v. ,^^^ 



^'^y^WJ/'^m "^ "^ 



•Stj ^ 






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-9- J' o ,' A 



^ J 




.^^' 

^^., 
















% 






^. 



'P-. 







^oo^ 



"^^ V^ 

O o 



^VILDER'S 




S5 Iv^ElEl.CHC^^I^TS' I^O^W^, 

CORNER OF CHATHAM STREET, 

S3 C£> ^ "CP C£:> 5^3^ o 

These Safes have been before the public for many years, during 
which time they have been extensively sold in all parts of the world, 
and have been often tested and proved superior to any Safes made in 
this country. Their great reputation has induced some manufac- 
turers to use my name, and some Safes have recently been made and 
sold at auction, and other ways, marked Wilder, which were not the 
genuine Wilder's Safe, and that the public may not be deceived, I 
have adopted the following Name Plate, and all safes hereafter made 
by me will be marked on the Door as follows : 




And with cast letters on ihefeet of Safes— 

J. E. WILDER, Maker. 

(^* None are genuine unless thus marked. 

Certificates of tests of my Safes in the largest Conflagrations in 
this country can be seen at my office. 

JOHN E. WIIME, lanufacturer and Proprietor, 

Q5 MERCHANTS' RO\V, BOSTON. 

N. B. — Bank Safes, Town Safes, House Safes, Steel Lined Boxes, 
Iron Chests, and all the best approved Bank Locks for sale or 
made to order. 



JAMES FRENCH & CO. 

PUBLISHERS, BOOKSELLERS, 

IMPORTERS AND DEALERS IN 

S 'I' A T I F E R Y 

Wo. 7S IVASHIWOTOIV STREET, BOSTON. 

O^Country Traders, Booksellers, Teachers, Clergymen, Banks, Railroads, 
Insuralnce and other Companies, furnished on the best terms. 

OKI>KRS SOI.I€ITJEI> BY JJ^S. FKEJKCH .fe CO. 

THE GROVER & BAkIeR 



mmm umwi 



m >.,>.,^ 



CONTINUE TO MANUFACTURE THEIR 



" Premium " Machines, at prices varying from !:r90 to #140 

Shuttle " " " 75 to 85 

And have lately introduced a novel style, expressly designed for FAMILY 
SEWING, price, $75 

( Boston— 18 Summer St. (Alercantile Build.) 
SALES-ROOMS : j I^ew York-^OS Broadway. 

( Philadelphia— 161 Chestnut Street. 

And in all the principal Stores in the United States. 



BOOKS BOUND. 

Harper's Magazine, Oraliam's Magazine, 
Putnam's •* Blacliikvood's " 

Oodey's " &c. &c. 

Particular altenlion given to binding Music. 

©to ^mb lletoniilr. 

Orders for above kind of Binding respectfully 
solicited. 

DAMRELL & MOORE, 

16 Devonshire St., Boston. 



[1] 



FURNICEESTIBLISHMENT. 




The particular attention of the public is called to the Subscriber's celebrated 



FOR COAIi, 

which continues to maintain its high superiority over the numerous articles re- 
cently introduced to the public, claiming to be improvements over all others. 
This Furnace is recommended to all those who prefer facts which have been es- 
tablished by long practical experience, to mere advertising puffs based only on 
fiction. Also, to a 

NEW PATTERN PXJIINACE FOR WOOD, 

constructed upon a similar principle to that of the H. Pattern Furnace, and par- 
ticularly adapted for use in the country, or wherever wood is consumed instead 
of coal. Another and smaller size has just been added to the list, which is sold 
at a reduced price. 

Attention is also called to a new and beautiful article called 

PENKHYN MARBLE MANTELS AND PIER SLABS, 

in imitation of the higher cost styles of Marble, and superior to it in polish and 
ability to resist acids, while they are afforded at a much cheaper rate. Also, for 
sale, anew pattern Improved Flat Heater Stove, English Parlor and Chamber 
Grates. Improved Cooking Ranges, Parlor, Office and Cooking Stoves, Ventila- 
tors. Chimney Tops, Registers, Rumford Ovens, and Cooking and Heating Ap- 
paratus generally, at the new and elegant store recently erected upon the old 
Chickering Estate, nearly opposite the Adams House, by 

336 d^ 338 TVaslilngtou Street, Boston. 



m 



NEW STORE, : : : : NEW GOODS. 

Persons in want of PAPER HANGINGS will 
find at 

No. 113 Washington Street, 

a new and complete assortment, of every variety, at 
very low prices. 

HITCHINUS & DENNETT. 

BOOK AGENTS WANTED, 

To canvass for Subscribers to the 

8ti(ii)ei*Ic^i(| ^oHs-^if S^iielr^. 

This work is a large Royal 8vo of 800 pages, Bound in 
Morocco, Gilt, and Illustrated with 350 POE TRAITS 
of the most eminent persons this country has produced, and 
is truly a great American production. As this work is only 
sold to Subscribers, it ofi'ers a great inducement to agents. 

Apply to 

F. C. MOOKE & CO., 

16 Devonshire St., Boston. 




Rear of the MARLBORO' HOTEL, 
No. 231 WASHINGTON ST., BOSTON. 

Through the arch — u'^der the Lowell Institute. 
For Colds, Coughs, and attacks of almost all acute and painful af- 
fections these baths give instant relief. 

PROF. VERGNE'S ElECTRO-CHEMICAl BATHS, 

With all the improvements of E. E. MARC Y, M. D., the most scientiflc operator 
in New York city are given by 

DUS. COLBY & BLODGET, 

rear of Marlboro' Hotel, Boston, where, by an ingenious improvement of their 
own, in the manner of application, they are able to reach many cases, that the 
ordinary method utterly fails to benefit. 

These baths extract MINERAL POISONS, and remove diseases occasioned by 
them. They also cure Rheumatism, Paralysis, St. Vitus' Dance, Nervous 
Affections, Scrofula, &c., &c. They also administer 

THE MEDICATED ELECTRO-CHEMICAL VAPOR BATHS, 

A most agreeable and effectual mode of applying the Electro-Chemical principje 
(entirely their own invention), and which affords the most complete relief in 
Gout, Sluggish Circulation, Sudden Colds, Skin Diseases, Catarrh, Dropsy, 
Asthma, Pleurisy, &c., &c. They have lately added more rooms to their here- 
tofore extensive establishment, and are now prepared to give these Baths at TWO 
DOLLARS EACH, or six tickets for $10. 

Iodine Vapor, Sulphur Fume, Plain Vapor, Warm, Cold and Shower Baths 
administered every day, from 6 A. M., to 10 P. M. 



[4] 

KINMONTH & CO., 

275 WasMngton St., through to 8 & 10 
Winter Street, 

IMPORTERS, JOBBERS & RETAILERS 

OP 

SILKS, RIBBONS, 

EMBROIDERS, IM, MERIIES, 

UNDERCLOTHING, FLANNELS, 

CHOICE MAKES. 

OF EVERY DESCRIPTION; 
ALSO, THE BEST CLASS OP 



AND OTHER 

ia:oTJSEK:EEi>iisra- g-ooids. 



HISTORY 



BOSTON, 

PROM 1630 TO 1856. 



Honor to the Past, Gratitude for the Preseni, and Fidelity to the Future.' 






ONE HUNDRED AND TWENTY ENGRAVINGS. 



BOSTON: 

F. C. MOORE & COMPANY. 
1856. 



0« 



Entered according to Act of Congress, in the year 1851, by 

J. SMITH ROMANS, 

in the Clerk's Office of the District Court of the District of 
Massachusetts. 




Vi' 



4/\ 



[5J 



OAK HALL CLOTHING HOUSE, 




UNRIVALLED EMPORIUM FOR 

GENTLEMEN'S, YOUTHS' AND LITTLE CHILDREN'S 



FURNISHING GOODS, HATS, CAPS, &C., 

WHOLESALE AND RETAIL. 

«EO. w. ^immoNs^ piper & co., 

32, 34, 36 and 38 North Street, 



PREFACE 



The present volume is not intended as a formal history of the metropo- 
lis of New England, nor as a complete index to the many public institutions 
for which it is so famous. Our object has been to furnish a mere outline 
of the early history of the city, with notices of some prominent events : 
adding an account of some few institutions that are particularly deserving 
the attention of citizens and strangers. 

The Appendix will be found to contain much information relating to 
towns in the vicinity. For that portion which describes the beautiful 
"Forest Hills Cemetery," we are indebted to the late General H. A. S. 
Dearborn, who little thought, when he was preparing the sketch in the 
month of May last, that he would so shortly 

" Rest his head upon Vie lap of earth." 
He died July 29th, 1851, some few days before this volume could be com- 
pleted for publication. 

The compiler takes occasion to express his acknowledgments to Dr. 
S. G. Howe, of Boston, and to Professors Bond, Horsford, and Francis, of 
Harvard University, and to the Rev. J. B. Felt, of the Massachusetts 
Historical Society, for copious materials furnished by them for this 
work. 



[7] 

I GMiT rai HEKML BH I 

TO 

C3 H I CJ J^ C3r O 

AND ALL POINTS IN THE GREAT WEST; 

VIA 

GEE AT WESTERN . 

AND 

MICHIGAN CENTRAL RAILROADS. 

♦ THE ONLY EOTJTE VIA. 

mmkM FALLS & SCSPENSIOIV BRIDGE, 

TO 

DETROIT, CHICAGO, 

MILWAUKIE, 6ALENA, BURLINGTON, 

HOCK ISLAND, DUBUQUE, 

AND ALL POINTS IN THE WEST AND SOUTH!! 



[8] 

TRAINS LEAVE BOSTON AS FOLLOWS, SUNDAYS EXCEPTED: 
From Boston and Worcester Depot, 

Mail, Express, Accomo'n, Express. 

7 A. M. 8 1-2 A. M. 1 1-2 P. M. 3 P. M. 
Mail, Accom. 
Fitchburg, 7 A. M. 12 M. 
Connecting at Albany with Express Trains on New York Central Rail- 
road, at 

NIAGARA FALLS SUSPENSION BRIDG-E 

WITH 

GREAT IVESTERN RAIEliVAY, 

At DETROIT with MICHIGAN" CENTRAL RAIL- 

flOAD, and at Lake Station with the "Cut Off" 

for St. Louis, Rock Island, Peoria, &c., (Saving 

40 IJiles Travel and Corresponding Time 

and Expense,) and at 

CHICAGO WITH ALL THE LINES WEST &. SOUTH. 



PASSENGERS by this Route are carried to the NEW UNION DEPOT 
IN CHICAGO from which aU important WESTERN TRAINS leave, say- 
ing all expense of transferring themselves and Baggage. 

[C?- Passengers have ample time to view NIAGARA FALLS and the 
MAMMOTH WIRE RAILWAY SUSPENSION BRIDGE that spans the 
Rapids just below and in full view of the Falls, affording a more grand 
and imposing sight than is elsewhere to be found on the American conti- 
nent. 

N. B. No other Railroad Line West runs within 23 miles of Niagara 
Falls or Suspension Bridge. 



Ireifflit Marked 



G. W. R. 



"Will be Forwarded at Be- 

dueed Kates and with 

Great Despatch. 



O" THROUGH TICKETS may be had at the Principal Railroad 
Offices between Boston and Suspension Bridge, and of M. HUGHES, Em- 
grant Agent, Corner of South and Beach Streets, and at the 

Company's Oflace, 21 State St., Boston, 

Where correct and reliable information in regard to passage or freight 
can be obtained. 

W. ELDBEDGE, Beceiver. 

P. K. BAND ALL. General Eastern Agent. 



[9] 

CO-PARTNERSHIP NOTICE. 

The Subscriber has associated with him. ANDREW C. DENISON 
A. M., a graduate of Yale College, and for several years past, colleague 
•with the Rev. Dr. Nelson, of Leicester, Mass., and OLIVER E. LINTON, 
who for five years past, has been the faithful and efficient Head Assistant 
at the Commercial College. 

"With increased facilities for imparting instruction, the Subscriber 
will be enabled to give more of his personal attention to students, and to 
the examination and adjustment of Books, Complicated Accounts, and 
the general business of an Accountant, in which he has had twenty years' 
experience. 

GEORGE N. COMER. 

Boston, 1st March, 1856. 



COMER'S COMMERCUL COLLEGE, 

GRANITE BUILDING, 

Corner of WASHINGTON & SCHOOL STS., 

Founded A. D., 1840. 

For practical Instruction in Penmanship, Book-keeping, Navigation, 
Engineering, Surveying, the Languages, and Common English Studies, 
upon moderate terms. No Class System. No extras. Students aided 
in procuring suitable employment. Separate department for females. 
Day and evening Sessions, 

Catalogues and Circulars of terms can be had at the Institution, or 
upon request will be sent by mail free. 



:} 



GEORGE N. COMER, 

A C DENISON I Principals, aided by able 

OLIVER E. LINTON, ^ '"'''''''''''• 



INDEX TO ADVERTISEMENTS. 



Page. 
ADVERTISING AGENCY. 

Richardson, B. R., & Co 116 

AMBROTYPES. 

Briggs, Jesse ,50 

CampbeU,B.r 107 

ARCHITECT. 

Briggs, Luther, Jr 116 

ARTIFICULLKGS. 

Miller, Jas. & Co., 54 

ASTROLOGER. 

Lister, Dr. T 123 

AUCTIONEERS. 

Brodhead & Co., 26 

Robinson, E 122 

AXES. 

Douglas Axe Manufacturing Co., 113 

BALM OF A THOUSAND FLOWERS. 

Fetridge, W. P., & Co 10 

BANKERS. 

Blake, Howe & Co., 51 

BELLHANGER. 

Crane, A. B 25 

BELTING. 

Cheever, Tap pan & McBurney, 30 

BIRD AND CAGE STORE. 

Currier, A. D 97 

BLACKSMITHS. 

Mason & French, 97 

BOOKS. 

Coolidge, C. E., & Co 39 

Clapp, Otis 80 

BOOKBINDEPS. 

Damrell & Moore, 3d coyer page 

Ulman, Wm 92 

BOOTS AND SHOES. 

Mansfield. John 25 

Moseley, Thomas E., & Co 71 

iMarsh, T. J., Jr 118 j 



Page. 
BROKERS. 

Jenkins, A 29 

Goodwin, G. K 47 

BURNING FLUID. 

Porter, John, & Co Ill 

CARPETING. 

Strout & Bradford, 30 

Allen & Lincoln, • • 35 

CARRIAGES. 

Swords, John , , . . . 42 

CIGARS. 

Hincke, Brothers, & Co., 123 

CLAIRVOYANT. 

PhelpSjMrs.G : 29 

CLOTHING. 

Smith, J. W., & Co • • 64 

CLOTHING WAREHOUSE. 

Oak Hall, 5 

CLOCKS. 

Howard & Davis, 82 

COAL DEALER. 

Tay,R.L 112 

COMMERCIAL COLLEGE. 

Comer's, 9 

Chickering & Son., 6 

COMMISSION MERCHANT. 

Bray, Edgar W 37 

COMB MANUFACTURER. 

Joslin, Wm. A 42 

CORSET WAREHOUSE. 

Adams, Mrs. Q.W 75 

Adams, 14 

CROCKERY WAKE. 

Stedman, D. B., & Co 20 

French, Wells & Co 52 

COUNSELLORS. 

Russell, Benj. F 37 

Hudson, C. H 37 



yi. 



INDEX TO ADVERTISEMENTS. 



Page. 
DAGUERREOTYPE MATERIALS, 

Sawyer, John, & Co 33 

DENTISTS. 

Cummings & Flagg, 101 

DESIGNERS. 

Manning, Brown & Co., 104 

DESK MANUFACTURER. 

Smith, Stephen 38 

DIE SINKER. 

Smith, Wm.H 47 

DISTILLERS. 

Barnard, J. M., & Co 86 

DOMESTIC ARCADE. 

Wheelock, 0. K 123 

DRUGGISTS. 

Weeks & Potter, 44 

DRY GOODS. 

Beebe, J. M., Kichardson & Co., 53 
Pierce, Brothers, & Flanders, . . 68 
lunmouth & Co., 4 

EATING HOUSES. 

Chase, F. J., & Co 23 

Campbell, A. R., & Co 96 

ELECTRICAL APPARATUS. 

Palmer & Hall, 27 

ELECTROTYPERS. 

Winter & Brother, 



66 



ENGRAVERS. 

Bradford, L. H., & Co 36 

ENGRAVER (SEAL.) 

Mitchell, Francis N 41 

ENGRAVERS ON WOOD. 

Andrew, John 55 

Gulick, D. B 93 

Smith, D.T 94 

Taylor & Adams, 115 

FANCY GOODS. 

Abbott, Wm. E 46 

FIRE AND WATERPROOF COMPOSITION. 

Bailey, D. W 60 

FISH DEALERS. 

Nickerson, E., & Co 48 

FLORISTS. 

Evers, Bock & Schlegel 79 

FURNISHING GOODS. 

Reeves, W. C 20 



Se 



Baker & Ham, , 

FURNITURE. 

Harlow, G. T 27 

Allen, A. H 35 

Severance, B. W., & Co 43 

Blake, James G 45 

Buckley & Bancroft, 81 

Barnes, Jennings & Co., 89 

Boyce, C. B., & Co 113 

Smallwood, E. A 126 

FURNACES. 

Rice, A. M 83 & 84 

Chilson, Gould & Co., last p. of cover 
Herman, Leopold 1 

FURRIERS. 

Walko, Martin, & Co 71 

FURS. 

Richter,R 32 

GAS BURNERS. 

Wood, A. H 63 

GAS MANUFACTURING APPARATUS. 

Appleton, J. C, agent 117 

GRATES. 

Tilton & McFarland, 17 

HAND STAMP. 

Bigelow, M. B., agent. . . 

HARDWARE. 

Doggett, N. B. & N. A 37 

Cushman, E. A 40 

May. Samuel, & Co 54 

HARMONIUMS. 

& Hamlin, 118 



HARNESSES 

Hannaford, F. W 19 

HATS 

Bent &Bush, 22 

Ives & Tuthill, 79 

Whiton, Frederick 107 

HOTELS. 

Traders' Hotel, 36 

Commercial Hotel, 40 

Adams House, 61 

Glades House, 85 

Webster House, 95 

Lexington House, 100 

Merrimac House, 110 

INSURANCE. 

New England Mutual Life, ... 1 1 j 



.• VI 



INDEX TO ADVERTISEMENTS. 



IRON FENCES. 

Weeman, W. E 



Page. 
,. 57 



IRON RAILING. 

Healey, J. 1 88 

Weeman, E • • 11 

ISINGLASS. 

Ruggles, George H 78 

JEWELLERS. 

Qoldsmith, Wm 25 

Jenkins, Nathaniel 62 

Pond, L. A 106 

Gooding, Josiah 116 

LACES. 

Holbrook, C. C, & Co 71 

LAMPS. 

Ufford, S. N. & H. G 69 

LEAD PIPE. 

Steams, George L 31 

LINING PIPES. 

Guy, W. B 27 

LITHOGRAPHER. 

Bradford, L. H., & Co 36 

LOAN FtIND ASSOCtATION. 

United States, 74 

LOCOMOTIVE AND RAILWAY SUPPLY. 

LangjWm. B., & Co Ill 

LOOKING GLASSES. 

Sowle & Ward - 71 

MARBLE MANUFACTURERS. 

Leighton, D 24 

American Verd Antique, 80 

MATCHES. 

Byam, Pearson, Carleton, & Go. 65 

MATTRESSES. 

Patten, I. W 



.. 32 

MEDICAL COLLEGE, (N. E.) 

Female, 42 

MEDICATED VAPOR BATHS. 

Colby & Blodget, 3 

MERCANTILE ACADEMIES. 

Hannaford & Payson, 72 

Bradshaw's, Ill 

MILLSTONES. 

Brown, Charles W 92 

MILLINERY. 

Walsh, Madame, 14 

Goldsmith, Mrs 25 

Beckers, Madame Souveraine ... 31 



Page. 
MINERAL AND SODA WATER. 

Fairbanks & Beard, 114 

MOROCCO, FANCY AND VELVET WORK. 

Nutze, E 20 

NOTARIES. 

Jenks, Samuel H 39 

OIL. 

Phillips, Eben B 23 

PAINTERS. 

Cloutman, J. S 22 

Rose, Horace C 34 

Gardner, Henry N 56 

PAPER HANGINGS. 

Hitchings & Dennett 2 

Geogery, S. H., & Co l8 

Lockett, James G 39 

Marden, Spafford & Co., 105 

PAPER WAREHOUSE. 

Grant, Warren & Co., 68 

PHYSICLAN. 

Leach, Wm 41 

PIANO FORTES. 

Hallet, Davis & Co.,. .1st cover page 

Chickering & Sons, 6 

Hews, George 96 

Woodward & Brown, 99 

PLASTERER, (STUCCO.) 

McCann, Peter 19 

PLUMBERS. 

Pearce, Wm 19 

Neal, Samuel 21 

Ross, James 29 

White, Lowell & Co., 32 

Dudley,B.F 34 

PRINTERS. 

Rand,W.H 42 

Damrell & Moore, 96 

PROVISIONS. 

Clark, Nathan 33 

English, A. T 40 

PUBLISHERS, (photograph.) 

Drew & Coffin, 47 

PUBLISHERS. 

French, James 8d cover page 

RAIL ROAD ROUTES. 

Boston & Lowell, 119 

Fitchburg R. R., 119 

Great Western & Central Rouv, 

7&8 



viii. 



INDEX TO ADVERTISEMENTS. 



Page. 

Western & South Western U. S. 
M, and Express, 12 & 13 

ROSEMARY. 

Spalding, J. Russell 58 

RUSSIA SALVE. 

Redding & Co., 10 



Wilder, John E 2d cover page 

Denio & Roberts, . last page of cover 
Tilton & McFarland, 17 

SAVINGS BANK, 

People's, 108 

SCALES. 

Walker, P. H 109 

Fairbanks, E. & T., & Co. last cover 

SCHOOL FURNITURE. 

Ross, Joseph L., 15 & 16 

SEEDS. 

Hovey & Co., 23 

SE6ARS. 

Richardson, Lewis G 69 

SETTEES. 

HaskeU, Wm. 98 

SEWING MACHINES. 

Grover & Baker, 3d cover page & 73 

Hunt & Webster, 25 

Nichols, Leavitt & Co., 87 

SEWING SILK. 

Messinger & Brother, 80 

SHERRY WINE BITTERS. 

Wheeler, Lewis 103 

SHIRTS. 

Locke,r. B 23 

SHOE FINDINGS. 

Armstrong, Wm 29 

SILVER WARE. 

Harding, N., & Co 102 

SODA WATER, 

Scripture, Gilman 102 

STAINED COT GLASS. 

Cook, J.M 78 

STATIONERY. 

Cutter, Tower & Co., 41 



Page. 
STEAM AND GAS PIPE. 

Braman, Perham & Co 65 

STEAM ENGINE CO. 

Tufts, Otis, agent 78 

STOVES. 

Merrifield, Moses 26 

Read, J. M 46 

Winchester, I. T 76 & 77 

TAILORS. 

Day, Thomas C 22 

Pitman, E 26 

Earl, John, Jr 28 

Abbott, J. E. & R. W 72 

Randidge, G. L 90 

Weir, Robert 121 

TOBACCO. 

Bullock, Albert 32 

Estabrook, Benj 91 

TOILET ARTICLES. 

Bogle, Wm 120 

TOYS. 

Herman & Co., 34 



Phelps, Dr 90 

TUBES. 

Walworth, J. J., & Co 113 

TURNER OF WOOD, ETC. 

Bourguignon, W 

TYPE FOUNDERS. 

Phelps & Dalton, 

WATCHMAKER. 

SmithjH. W 26 

WATER FILTERS. 

Phelps, O.C 59 

WINES. 

Pollard, J.H 27 

Smith, Ralph & Co., 31 

Nason, George 36 

WINDOW BHADES. 

Kelty, J. B. & G. L 28 

Bruce, Charles H., & Co 

WORKS OP ART. 

Wiggin,J.K 97 



INDEX TO PIRMS. 



Page. 

Adams Corset Warehouse, , — 14 

Armstrong, Wm 29 

Allen, A. H 35 

AUen & Lincoln, 35 

Abbott, ■William E 46 

Andrews, John 55 

Adams House, 61 

American House, 67 

Abbott, B. W. & J. E 72 

Adams, Mrs. G. W '. 75 

American VerdAntique Marble Co. 80 

Appleton, J. C 117 

Bent & Bush, 22 

Brodhead&Co., 26 

Boston Belting Co., 30 

Beckers, Madam Souveraine, 31 

Bullock, Albert 32 

Bruce, Chas. H., & Co 33 

Bradford, L. H., & Co 36 

Boyden, J. E 36 

Bray, Edgar W 37 

Blake, James G 45 

Briggs, Jesse 50 

Blake, Howe & Co., 51 

Beebe, J. M., & Co 63 

Bailey,D. W 60 

Braman, Perham & Co., 65 

Byam, Pearson, Carleton & Co., 65 

Bigelow,M.B 66 

Boston Steam Engine Co., 78 

Buckley & Bancroft, 81 

Barnard, J. M., & Co 86 

Barnes, Jennings & Co., 89 

Brown, Charles W 92 

Bourguinon, W 98 

Bradshaw, John HI 

Boyce, C. B., & Co 113 

Briggs, Luther, Jr 116 

Baker & Ham, 116 

Boston and Lowell Railroad, 119 

Bogle, Wm 120 

Cloutman, John S 22 



P»ge. 

Chase,r. J.,& Co 23 

Comer & Co., 9 

Chickering& Sons, 6 

Colby & Blodget, 3 

Crane, A. B 52 

Clark, Nathan 33 

Coolidge, Chas. E., & Co 39 

Cushman, E. A 40 

Commercial House, 40 

Cutter, Tower & Co., 41 

Chamberlain, Daniel 61 

Cook, J. M ,. 78 

Clapp, Otis '. 80 

Clark, J. M 85 

Campbell.A. R., &Co.... 96 

Cummings & Flagg, 101 

Campbell, B . F 107 

Chilson, Gould & Co,., .last page of cov. 
Damrell & Moore,.3d page cover, & 96 

Day, Thomas C 22 

Dudley,B. F 34 

Doggett, N. B. & N. A 37 

Drew& Coffin 47 

Douglas Axe Manuf. Co., 113 

Day&Co.,0 124 

Denio & Roberts, — last page of cover. 

Earl, John, Jr 28 

Enghsh, Abrani T 40 

Evers, Bock & Schlegel, 79 

Eastabrook, Benj 91 

Edwards, J. C 97 

French, James, & Co., 3d page of cover. 

French, Wells & Co., 52 

Fairbanks & Beard, 114 

Fitchburg Railroad, 119 

Fetridge, W. P., & Co 10 

Grover & Baker Sewing Machines, 

3d page of cover and 7 8 

Goldsmith, WilUam 25 

Goldsmith, Mrs 25 

Guy, Wm.B 27 

Goodwin, G. K 47 



INDEX TO FIRMS. 



Gardner, Henry N 

Grant, Warren & Co., 

Glades House, 

Gulick,D.B 

Gooding, Josiah 

Gregery, S. H., & Co 

Great Western & Central Route,. 

Greenleaf & Brown , last 

Hallet, Davis & Co.,. . .1st page of 

Hannaford, F. W 

Hunt &Webster, , 

Hovey & Co., 

Harlow, G. T.... 

Herman & Co., 

Hudson, C.H 

Holbrook, Charles C, & Co 

Hanaford & Payson, 

Howard & Davis, — •. 

Healey, J.I 

Hews, George 

Haskell, William O 

Harding, Newell, & Co., 

Hanson, James L 

Hincke, Brothers, & Co 

Herman, Leopold 

Hitchings & Dennett, 

Ives & Tuthill, 

Jenkins, A 

Jenks, Samuel H 

Joslin, Wm. A 

Jenkins, Nathaniel 

Kelty, J. B. & G. L 

Kinmonth & Co., 

Lock,r. B 

Leighton, D 

Lockett, James G 

Leach, William, M. D 

Lexington House, 

Lang, W. Bailey, & Co 

Lister,Dr. T 

McCann, Peter 

Mansfield, John 

Merrifield, Moses 

Mitchell, Francis N 

Miller, James, & Co 

May, Samuel, & Co 

Mansfield, John 



Page. 
.. 56 



.. 85 
.. 93 
.. 116 
.. 18 
..7&8 
cover, 
cover. 
.. 19 
.. 25 
.. 23 
.. 27 
.. 34 
.. 37 
,.. 71 
.. 72 



Page. 

Moseley, Thomas E., & Co 71 

May & Co 74 

Messinger & Brother, 80 

Mason & French, 97 

Manning, Brown & Co., 104 

Marden, SpaflFord & Co., 105 

Merrimac House 110 

Mason & Hamlin, 118 

Marsh, Thomas J 118 

Nutze, E 20 

Neal, Samuel 21 

Nason, George 36 

N. England Female Medical College 42 

Nickerson & Co., E 48&49 

N. E. Mutual Life Insurance Co.,. . 61 

Nichols, Leavitt & Co., 87 

Pierce, W 19 

Phillips, Eben B 23 

Pitman, Ezekiel 26 

Pollard, J. H 27 

Palmer & Hall, 27 

Phelps, Mrs. G 29 

Patten, L W 32 

Pattee, A.D 40 

Phelps, O.C 59 

Pierce, Brothers, & Flanders, 68 

Phelps & Dalton, 88 

Phelps,Dr.J. W 90 

Pond, L.A 106 

People's Savings Bank 108 

Porter, John, & Co Ill 

Reeves, C. W 20 

Ross, James 29 

Richter, R 32 

Rose, Horace C 34 

Russell, Ben j. F 37 

Rand, Wm. H ^ 42 

Read, J. M 46 

Rice, Lewis 67 

Richardson, Lewis G 69 

Ruggles, George H 78 

Rice, A. M 83&84 

Randidge, G. L 90 

Richardson, B. R., & Co 116 

Robinson, E 122 

Redding & Co., 10 

Ross, Joseph L 15 & 16 



INDEX TO FIRMS. 



Page. 

Simmons, G. W., Piper & Co., 5 

Stedman.D.B., &Co 20 

Smith, H.W 26 

Strout & Bradford 30 

Smitli, Ralph, & Co 31 

Steams, George L 31 

Sawyer, John 33 

Smith, Stephen 3S 

Swords, John 42 

Severance, B. W., & Co 43 

Smith, WiUiam H 47 

Spalding, J. Russell 58 

Smith, J. W., & Co 64 

Sowle &Ward, 71 

Smith, Daniel T 94 

Scripture, Gilman 102 

Smallwood, Edwin A 126 

Tilton & McFarland, 17 

Traders' Hotel, 36 

Tay.R.L 112 

Taylor & Adams, 115 

UflFord, S. N. & H. G 69 

U. States Loan Fund Association, . . 74 



P»ge. 

Ulman, William 92 

Union Gas Works Co., 117 

Wilder, John E 2d page of cover. 

White, Lowell & Co 32 

Weeks &PotteT 44 

Weeman, W. E 57 

Western & South Western R. R. 12 & 13 

Walsh. Madame 14 

Weeman, Ebenezer 11 

Wood, A.H 63 

Winter & Brother 66 

Walko, Martin, & Co 71 

Winchester, I. T 76477 

Webster House, 95 

Wiggin, J.K 97 

Woodward & Brown, 99 

Wheeler, Lewis 103 

Whiton, Frederick 107 

Walker, P. H 109 

Walworth, James J., & Co 113 

Weir, Robert 121 

Wheelock, O. K 123 



[10] 

A PERFUMED BREATH. 

What lady or gentleman would remain under the curse of a disagreeable breath 
when by using the " BALM OF A THOUSAND FLOWERS," as a dentrifice 
would not only render it sweet, but leave the teeth white as alabaster ? Many 
persons do not know that their breath is bad, and the subject is so delicate their 
friends will never mention it. Four a single drop of the " Balm" on your tooth- 
brush and wash the teeth night and morning. A fity cent bottle will last a year. 

THE BALM OF THOUSAND FLOWERS 

Eradicates all Tan, Freckles, Pimples and Eruptions from the face, leaving the 

skin pure, soft and white. 

I'RIOE, I^IFT"52- CEHSTTS- 

W. p. FETRIDGE & CO., 

NEW YORK AND BOSTON, Proprietors. 

AND FOR SALE BY ALL DRUGGISTS. 

THE GREAT RUSSIAN REMEDY. 

PBO BONO PUBLICO. 

t^- " Every mother should have a box in the house handy in case of accidents 
to the children." 

BEDDING'S RUSSIA SALVE. 

It is a Boston remedy 
of thirty years' standing, 
and is recommended by 
physicians. It is a sure 
and speedy cure for 
BURNS, PILES, 
BOILS, CORNS, FEL- 
ONS, CHILBLAINS 
and old Sores of every 
kind. 

For FEVER SORES, 
ULCERS, ITCH, 
SCALD HEAD. NET- 
TLE RASH,BUNIONS, 
SORE NIPPLES, (re- 
commended by nurses) 
WHITLOWS, STIES, 
FESTERS, FLEA 
BITES, SPIDER 
STINGS, FROZEN 
LIMBS, SALT 
RHEUM, SCURVY 
SORE and CRACKED 
LIPS. SORE NOSE, 
WARTS and FLESH 
WOUNDS, it is a most valuable remedy and cure, which can be testified toby 
thousands who have used it in the city of Boston and vicinity for the last 30 years. 
In no instance will this Salve do an injury, or interfere with a physicians' prescrip- 
tions. It is made from the purest materials, from a recipe brought from Russia— 
of articles growing in that country— and the proprietors have letters from all 
classes, clergymen. Physicians, sea captains, nurses, and others who have used it 
themselves and recommended it to others. 

BEDDING'S RUSSIA SALVE is put up in lara;e tin boxes, stamijed on the 
cover with a picture of a horse and a disabled soldier, which picture is also en- 
graved on the wrapper. PniCE, S5 Cents a box. Sold in all the stores in 
town or country, or may be ordered of any wholesale druggist. 

REDDING & CO., Proprietors, 8 State St., Boston. 



\ 




SKETCHES OF BOSTON, 

PAST AND PRESENT. 



CONTENTS. 

Pago 

Boston in the Times of the Pilgrims, 1 

Prominent Incidents in the History of Boston, 27 • 

The Churches of Boston, 62 

The Bridges and Ferries of Boston, ' 130 

Faneuil Hall, 137 

Faneuil Hall Market, 138 

Grand Junction Railroad, 140 

Asylum and Farm School, 142 

The Islands in Boston Harbor, 143 

Boston in Districts, 146 

East Boston, 148 

The Theatres, 151 

Cochituate Water- Works, 153 

The New City Jail, 160 

The Eye and Ear Infirmary, 162 

The Boston Athenaeum, 163 

The New Custom-House, 166 

The Club-House, 168 

The Boston Society of Natural History, 168 

The New Court-House, 171 

The New Almshouse, 172 

The State's Prison, 176 

Massachusetts General Hospital, 180 

The McLean Asylum for the Insane, 183 

The State-House, 185 

Massachusetts Historical Society, 188 

Provident Association for Savings, 191 

The Banks in Boston, 192 

Hancock House, 193 



CONTENTS. 



Boston Common, 195 

Perkins Institution for the Blind, 198 

The Public Schools of Boston, 203 

History of the Public Schools, 233 

Conclusion, 245 



HENEY N. GARDNER, 

HOUSE FAINTEB, 

I1ITM@E m WeSB & liEBLi, 
isro. ss K:iisro-STOisr st.^ 



[11^ 




EBENEZER WEEMAN 

Has tlie best selection of Patterns for 

IRON RAILINGS 

In New England. He devotes his entire attention, and has spared no 
expense to introduce foreign and original designs. He is constantly 
adding to his large stock, a great variety of new patterns, suitable for all 
purposes,— Cemetery, Hocse, Garden, Balustrades, &c., which cannot 
be surpassed in style or design. 

All persons in want of IRON PENCE, RAILING, &c., can, by calling 
on the Subscriber, purchase a better Fence at a lower price than at any 
other establishment in the State, as he makes it his entire business. 

E, WEEMAN, 

No. 26 MERRIMAC STREET, 

(OPPOSITE GOUCH STREET,) 

B o s T o isr , 

Whe7'e he has been for the past thirty years. 



[13] 

WESTERN AND SOUTH WESTERN 
U. S. Mail and Express Route. 



NEW YORK & ERIE RAILROAD. 

Broad Gauge and no Change of Cars or Baggage. 

FOR THE WEST EROM NEW YORK CITY. 
1856. Spring Arrangement. 1856. 

TRAINS LEAVE BOSTON FOR NEW YORK, VIA 

STOSINGTON k NORWICH, DAILY, AT 5 U O'CIK, P. M. 

Express Trains leave New York, from foot of Duane St., as follows, yia 

Buffalo Express & Syracuse Express, at 7 A.M., 

The first connecting at Buffalo with "Lightning Express" for Cleaveland 

Cincinnati, Toledo. Indianapolis, Louisville, Chicago, and St. Louis. 

The Syracuse Express taking passengers for Oswego, Rochester 

and Niagara Falls ; and by way of Great Western Railway, 

for Hamilton, Detroit, Chicago, St. Louis, &c. 

Hail Train, for Dunkirk, stopping at Way Stations, 
at 8.15, A. M. 

Night Express, for Dunkirk and Buffalo, at 5 F> M. 

Connecting at Dunkirk with Express Trains on L. Shore R. R., for al 
places South and West. 

Emigrant Train, for Dunkirk and Buffalo, at 5 P. M. 

Boston Office, 15 State Street, 



113] 



F.A.I^ES ^"52" THIS liOTJTE. 
Tlirougli Fares, viz. 

1st Class. Emig. 
29,50 



Alton, 111. 
Aurora, 111. 
Batavia. N. Y. 
Beloit, Wis. 
Buffalo, N. Y. 
Bellefontaine, O. 
Bloomington, 111. 
Burlington, Iowa, 
Canandaigua, N. Y. 
Council Bluffs, lo. 
Cleveland. O. 
Columbus, O. 
Cincinnati, O. 
Crestline, O. 
Chicago, 111. 
Cairo, 111. 
Cairo, 111. via Cin. and 

Kiver, 28,50 

Dixon, 111. 27,00 

Dunkirk, N. Y. 11.90 

Dayton, O, v. Clyde, 20,50 
Dayton, via Sandusky, 20,50 



25,80 




10,23 




27,00 




11.00 


6,00 


19.00 


12,00 


27,00 




30,00 


15,00 


9,46 


5,00 


46,75 




15,50 


8.50 


18,90 


10,25 


2)>,50 


11,00 


17,50 




24,00 


12,00 


32,00 





Detroit, Mich. 
Dubuque, Iowa, 
Delaware, O. 
Dunleath, 111. 
Erie, Pa. 

Evansville, via Ind. 
Do, via Cin. & Riv, 
Ft. Wayne, via Tol. 
Do. via Crestline, 
Freeport, 111. 
I'ulton, 111. 
Galesburg, 111. 
Geneva, N. Y. 
Galena, 111. 
Hamilton, Canada, 
Indianapolis, Ind. 
Ithaca N. Y. 
Iowa Cityj 
JeffersonviUe, Ind. 



17,00 
29,60 
18,50 
29,60 
13,15 
28,25 
26,00 
21,50 
21,30 
27,60 
28,00 
29,00 

9,00 
29,10 
12,50 
22,50 

7,80 
20,55 
23,00 



Do. via O. &. M. E. R. 23,00 



Janesville, Wis. 
Kenosha, Wis. 
Kansas, via St. Louis 
Kansas, via Jeff. City, 
Lafayette, Ind, 
La Salle, 111. 
La Croix, Iowa, 
Lawrenceburg, Ind. 
Lexington, Ky. 
Louisville, via Indi. 



27,00 
25.50 
38,25 

24,50 
26,00 
33,00 
21.25 
23,60 
23,00 



10,3 



15,40 
7,00 
12,50 



14,00 
13,50 



Louisville, via O 

& M. R. R. 
Louisville, via Cin. 
Logansport, Ind. 
London, Canada, 
Mansfield, O. 
Marion, O. 
Mendota, 111. 
Mount Vernon, O. 
Madison, Ind. 
Madison, Wis. 
Michigan City, Ind. 
Milwaukie, Wis. 
Muscatine, Iowa, 
Naples, 111. 
Niagara Falls, N. Y. 
Newark, O. 
New Albany, Ind. 
via Mich. City, 
Oswego, N. 
Peru, Ind., via. Col. 
Peru, Ind. via. Tole, 
Prairie du Chien, 
I'eoria, 111. 
Paducah, Ky. 
Princeton, 111. 
Quincy, 111. 
Rochester, N. Y. 
Rock Island, 111. 
Racine, Wis. 
Rockford, 111. 
Syracuse, N. Y. 
Sandusky, O. 
Shelby. 0. 
Springfield, 111. 
Springfield O. 
Sidney, O. 
St. Joe, Mo. 
St. Louis, via Chica. 

Do. via Cin. & R. R. 

Do. via Cin. & Riv. 

Do, via Vincennes 

E. via Terre Haute 

& Alton, 
St. Paul, M. T 



1st class. 
23,00 
23,00 
23,00 
14,75 
17,60 
18.09 
26,65 
18,50 
23,50 
28,50 
23,00 
26,40 
29,80 
31,10 
11,00 
19,00 

25,00 
8,96 
24,75 
2,50 
32,00 
28,00 
28,00 
27,30 
32,50 
9.58 
28,30 
25,80 
26,75 
7,96 
17,15 
17,25 
28,75 
19,75 
19,60 
40,25 
33,00 
31,00 
29,50 
30,00 



),00 
:6,25 



Toronto, v. G. W. R. 13,50 
Toledo, O. 
Terre Haute, Ind. 
Vincennes, Ind. 
Wabash. 
Waukcgan, Wis. 
Xenia, 0. 
Zanesville, O. 



18,50 
24.75 
27,00 
22,10 
2.5,00 
20,20 
1S»,75 



Emig. 
12,00 
8,00 



6,00 
14,00 



7,50 
0,75 
16.50 



11,80 



♦Meals and State Rooms included on River Steamers. 

Tickets for All Stations on the line of N. Y. & E. R. R. 

[Cr'T^o secure the Lowest Rates of Fare, Tickets must be purchased 
at the Boston Agency, as they will cost !fF3 more if procured in New York. 

j:7=-Tickets sold at the Office of the Stonington Railroad ; at No. 2 
Albany St., near Boston & AVorcester R. It. Depot, and at Office of the 
Adams Ex. Co., 84 Washington St. Any information given as to dififer- 
ent routes. Passengers allowed to stop over at any point 
April 24, 1856. 

I». C. McCAI^I^VM, Oeneral Sup't, ^. Y. 



F. A, SUMXEK, General Jkvcent. 

No. 15 State Street. 



I 



[141 

ADAMS' CORSET WAREHOUSE, 

2S l¥iiiter Street, Boston, 

(Formerly Washington Street), 

IMPORTER AND MANUFACTURER OF 

Of every description, and Sole Agent for the sale of the 
CELEBRATED FRENCH -S^^ERLEY CORSET. 




NOTICE TO THE LADIES. 

TITEIV 8AIiOO]V I>ES lUODElS. 

MADAME WALSH, having taken Rooms in Amory Hall Building, 323 Wash- 
ington Street, (corner of West St.). Boston, entrance on both streets. Respect- 
fully informs her former patrons, friends, and the public generally, that she is now 
open on FASHIONABLE MILLINERY, and will execute with dispatch all or- 
ders for Millinery, Dress Making, &c. Also, receives her Fashions as 
heretofore, from Paris, London and New York. 

Plain and Fancy Dress Hats, manufactured at the shortest notice, and warrant- 
ed to give satisfaction. 

A well selected stock of Materials, Straw Goods, Flowers, Ribbons and Laces, 
is oifered at a small advance on cost, at wholesale and retail. 

Fancy Dress Hats for Patterns. Models, Modes and Shapes, for Dresses, &c., 
constantly on hand, and for sale at low prices. 

DRESS CUTTING by square rule, taught in two Lessons. Price, f 5.00. 



INDEX TO EMBELLISHMENTS. 



Page. 

Old House in Dock Square, 40 

E. Nickerson, 49 

Adams House, 61 

First Congregational Church, 61 

American House, 68 

New Brick or Second Church, 68 

First Baptist Church, , 69 

Old South Church, 70 

Mercantile Building, 70 

Stone Chapel, Tremont Street, 71 

Friends Meeting House, Milton Place, 72 

Church in Brattle Square, 

St. Paul's Church, Tremont Street, 74 

New South Church, 75 

Christ Church, Salem Street, , 

Federal Street Church, , 

HoUis Street Church, 

Trinity Church, Summer Street, 79 

Maverick Congregational Church, East Boston, 80 

Baldwin Place Baptist Church, 81 

First Uniyersalist Church, Hanover Street, 82 

Cathedral of the Holy Cross, Franklin Street, 

Shawmut Congregational Church, 84 

Christian Church, Tyler Street, 85 

Glades House at Shirley Point, 86 

South Boston Methodist Episcopal, 86 

Church of the Holy Trinity, Suffolk Street, 87 

Gore Block, 87 

First Independent Baptist Church, Belknap Street, 

Third Baptist Church, Charles Street, 

Park Street Church, 90 

Hawes Place Church, South Boston, 91 

St. Matthew's Protestant Episcopal Church, South Boston, 92 

Israelitish Synagogue, Warren Street, 



XIV. INDEX TO EMBELLISHMENTS 

Page. 

Church of the New Jerusalem, Bowdoin Street, 94 

Union Church, Essex Street, 95 

Webster House, Hanover Street, 95 

New North Church, Hanover Street, 96 

Bulfinch Street Church, 97 

Phillips Church, South Boston, 98 

Church of the Advent, Green Street, 99 

Twelfth Congregational Church, Chambers Street, 100 

Lexington House, Lexington, Mass., 100 

Bowdoin Street Church, 101 

St. Vincent De Paul's Church, Roman Catholic, Purchase Street, 102 

Harvard Street Baptist Church, 103 

Pine Street Church, 104 

Salem Street Church, 105 

South Congregational Church, 106 

Mariner's Church, Purchase Street, 107 

Seamen's Bethel, North Square, 108 

Grace Church, Temple Street, 109 

Fourth Universalist Church, South Boston, 110 

Merrimac House, 110 

Central Congregational Church, Winter Street, Ill 

Fifth Universalist Church, Warren Street, 112 

St. Augustine's Church, South Boston, 113 

South Baptist Church, South Boston, 114 

Third Methodist Episcopal Church, 115 

Joy's Building, 115 

St. Mary's Church, Endicott Street, 116 

St. Patrick's Church, Northampton Street, 117 

Methodist Church, Meridian Street, East Boston, 118 

Fourth Methodist Episcopal Church, North Russell Street, 119 

Thirteenth Congregational Church, 120 

Rowe Street Baptist Church, 122 

Niles Block, 122 

Bowdoin Square Baptist Church, 123 

Warren Street Chapel, 124 

Tuckerman Chapel, Pitts Street, 125 

Suffolk Street Chapel, • 126 

West Church, Lynde Street, 127 

First Methodist Church, Hanover Street, 129 

Grand Junction R. R. Wharf, East Boston, 141 



INDEX TO EMBELLISHMENTS. XV. 

Page. 

National Theatre, 151 

Boston Water Works, 153 

New City JaU, 160 

Tlie New Atlienaeum, 163 

The New Custom House, -j 166 

The New Court House, Court Square, 171 

The New Almshouse on Deer Island, 173 

Massachusetts State Prison, Charlestown, 176 

Massachusetts General Hospital, 180 

State House and Boston Common, 186 

View of addition to State House on Mt. Vernon Street, 189 

Carver Sword, 189 

Winslow's Chair, ; 189 

Philip's Samp-pan, 190 

The Bank of Commerce, 192 

The Hancock House, Beacon Street, 193 

Perkins Institution, South Boston, '. 200 

Latin School. Bedford Street, 209 

Eliot School, North Bennet Street, 210 

Normal and High School for Girls, 211 

Mayhew School, Hawkins Street, 213 

State Normal School, Framingham, 216 

Bowdoin School, Myrtle Street 217 

English High School, Bedford Street, 218 

Hancock School, Riclimond Place, 219 

Boylston School, Fort Hill, 222 

Ingraham School, Sheafe Street, 223 

State Normal School, Salem, 224 

Lyman School, East Boston,, 226 

Phillips School, Pinckney Street, 226 

Brimmer School, Common Street, 228 



SdjocI Jfunutiire Winh. 

JOSEPH L. ROSS, Proprietor. 

OF ALL 

SIMILAR ESTABLISHMENTS IN THE UNION. 

Corner of Hawkins and Ivors Streets, Boston. 
147 tad Street, New York. 



Offices 



^! 




Kntered, according to Act of ConRress, in tho year 1856, by Joseph L. Ross, 
in the Clerk's Office of the District Court of the District of Massachusetts. 



WMc^^cMiM(&Mi&Mc&-:Si-&M^QfcMc&^^ 



ROSS S IMPROVED MODERN SCHOOL FURNITURE 





An Illustrated Catalogue and information forwarded, on 
application, by mail or otherwise. 

Entered, according to Act of Congress, In the year 1856, by Jos«ph h. Ross, 
in the Clerk's Office of the District Court of the District of Massachusetts. 



pmw^-w- 



THE SUBSCRIBERS 

Would call the attention of the public to their large 
assortment of 




OF E-VEK,"5r SIZE -A-XsTID ST^^LE, 

Of their own manufacture, ranging in prices from $6 to 
$40, which they will sell at a less price than any other 
dealers in the United States. Please call and examine 
before purchasing elsewhere. A liberal discount made 
to builders. 

TILTON & M^PARLAND, 
14 Hanover Street, Boston, Mass. 



TILTON & M^FARLAND'S 




WOELD EENOWNBD 

FIRE AND BURGLAR-PROOF SAFES. 

We manufacture all sizes of Bank, Jeweller and Mercantile 
Safes. 




These Safes have taken the First Premium at every Fair 
throughout the United States where they have been exhibited ; 
and are preferred before all others at the United States 
Patent Office, at Washington. 

These Safes are warranted free from dampness ; and they 
possess many improvements over all others. 

IDEI^OTS FOE SA.3L.B- 

14 Howard Street, Boston, 

172 Broadway, cor. Maiden Lane, N. Y., 

145 Pratt Street, Baltimore, 
18 Exchange Street, Portland, Me., 
69 Market Street, Nashville, Tenn., 
00 Battery Street, San Francisco, Cal. 



[18J 



S. H. GREGORY & CO., 

IMPORTERS AND MANUFACTURERS 

OFFER A MOST EXTENSIVE ASSORTMENT OF 

FHd AND UERICAN i 

PAPER HANaiRGS. 

WHOLESALE AND RETAIL, AT 

Nos. 23 & 25 Court Street, 

H. GREGORY, 0. W. ROBINSON 



BOSTON 



SHAIVMUT - TRIMOUNTAIN. 




[A brief sketch of the leading events in the early history of Boston had been pre- 
pared for this little volume: but the following' remarks were finally considered 
more appropriate, to precede views of Boston as it is in 185C. They form part of 
" An address to the citizens of Boston, on the 17th of September, 1830, the close of 
the second century from the first settlement of the city," By Josiah Q,uincy, LL. D., 
then President of Harvard University.] 



Cities and empires, not less than individuals, are chiefly indebted for 
their fortunes to circumstances and influences independent of the labors 
and wisdom of the passing generation. Is our lot cast in a happy soil, be- 
neath a favored sky, and under the shelter of free institutions ? How few 
of all these blessings do we owe to our own power, or our own prudence ! 
How few, on which we cannot discern the impress of long past genera- 
tions .' 

It is natural that reflections of this kind should awaken curiosity con- 
cerning the men of past ages. It ia suitable, and characteristic of noble 
natures, to love to trace in venerated institutions the evidences of ances- 
tral worth and wisdom ; and to cherish that mingled sentiment of awe and 
admiration which takes possession of the soul in the presence of ancient, 
deep-laid, and massy monvunents of intellectual and moral power. 

Standing, after the lapse of two centuries, on the very spot selected for 
us by our fathers, and surrounded by social, moral, and religious blessings 
greater than paternal love, in its fondest visions, ever dared to fancy, we 
naturally turn our eyes backward, on the descending current of years ; 
seeking the causes of that prosperity which has given this city so distin- 
guished a name and rank among similar associations of men. 



Happily its foundations were not laid in dark ages, nor is its origin to be 
sought among loose and obscure traditions. The age of our early an- 
cestors was, in many respects^ eminent for learning and civilization. 
Our ancestors themselves were deeply ve-sed in the knowledge and attain- 
ments of their period. Not only their motives and acts appear in the gen- 
eral histories of their time, but they are unfolded in their own writings, 
with a simplicity and boldness, at once commanding admiration and not 
permitting mistake. If this condition of things restrict the imagination 
in its natural tendency to exaggerate, it assists the judgment rightly to an- 
alyze, and justly to appreciate. If it deny the power, enjoyed by ancient 
cities and states, to elevate our ancestors above the condition of humanity, 
it confers a much more precious privilege, that of estimating by unequiv- 
ocal standards the intellectual and moral greatness of the early, interven- 
ing, and passing periods ; and thus of judging concerning comparative at- 
tainment and progress in those qualities which constitute the dignity 
of our species. 

Instead of looking back, as antiquity was accustomed to do, on fabling 
legends of giants and heroes, — of men exceeding in size, in strength, and 
in labor, all experience and history, and, consequently, being obliged to 
contemplate the races of men dwindling with time, and growing less 
amid increasing stimulants and advantages ; we are thus enabled to view 
things in lights more conformed to the natural suggestions of reason, and 
actual results of observation ; — to witness improvement in its slow but 
sure progress ; in a general advance, constant and unquestionable ; — to 
pay due honors to the greatness and virtues of our early ancestors, and be, 
at the same time, just to the not inferior greatness and virtues of succeed- 
ing generations of men, their descendents and our progenitors. 

Thus we substantiate the cheering conviction, that the virtues of an- 
cient times have not been lost, or debased, in the course of their descent, 
but, in many respects, have been refined and elevated ; and so, standing 
faithful to the generations which are past, and fearless in the presence of 
the generations to come, we accumulate on our own times the responsibil- 
ity that an inheritance, which has descended to us enlarged and improved, 
shall not be transmitted by us diminished or deteriorated. 

As our thoughts course along the events of past times, from the hour of 
the first settlement of Boston to that in which we are now assembled, 
they trace the strong features of its character, indelibly impressed upon 
its acts and in its history ; — clear conceptions of duty ; bold vindications 
of right; readiness to incur dangers and meet sacrifices, in the mainten- 
ance of liberty, civil and religious. Early selected as the place of the 
chief settlement of New England, it has, through every subsequent peri, 
od, maintained its relative ascendancy. In the arts of peace and in the 
energies of war, in the virtues of prosperity and adversity, in wisdom to 
plan and vigor to execute, in extensiveness of enterprise, success in accu- 



EARLY HISTORY. 3 

mulaling wealth, and liberality in its distribution, its inhabitants, if not 
unrivalled, have not been surpassed, by any similar society of men. 
Through good report and evil report, its influence has, at all times, lieen so 
distinctly seen and acknowledged in events, and been so decisive on the 
destinies of the region of which it was the head, that the inhabitants of 
the adjoining colonies of a foreign nation early gave the name of this 
place to the whole country ; and at this day, among their descendents, the 
people of the whole United States are distinguished by the name of " Bos- 
tonians." 

Amidst perils and obstructions, on the bleak side of the mountain on 
which it was first cast, the seedling oak, self rooted, shot upward with a 
determined vigor. Novy slighted and now assailed; amidst alternating 
sunshine and storm ; with the axe of a native foe at its root, and the light- 
ning of a foreign power, at times, scathing its top, or withering its 
branches, it grew, it flourished, it stands, — may it for ever stand ! — the 
honor of the field. 

Our ancestors have left no Corinthian temples on our hills, no Gothic ca- 
thedrals on our plains, no proud pyramid, no storied obelisk, in our cities. 
But mind is there. Sagacious enterprise is there. An active, vigorous, 
intelligent, moral population throng our cities, and predominate in our 
fields ; men patient of labor, submissive to law, respectful to authority, 
regardful of right, faithful to liberty. These are the monuments of our 
ancestors. They stand immutable and immortal, in the social, moral, and 
intellectual condition of their descendants. They exist in the spirit 
which their precepts instilled, and their example implanted. Let no man 
think that to analyze, and place in a just light, the virtues of the first set- 
tlers of New England, is a departure from the purpose of this celebration ; 
or deem so meanly of our duties, as to conceive that merely local rela- 
tions, the circumstances which have given celebrity and character to this 
single city, are the only, or the most appropriate topics for the occasion. 
It was to this spot, during twelve successive years, that the great body of 
those first settlers emigrated. In this place, they either fixed permanently 
their abode, or took their departure from it for the coast, or the interior. 

Whatever honor devolves on this metropolis from the events connected 
with its first settlement, is not solitary or exclusive: it is shared with 
Massachusetts; with New England ; in some sense with the whole Unit- 
ed States. For what part of this wide empire, be it sea or shore, lake or 
river, mountain or valley, have the descendants of the first settlers of New 
England not traversed ? what depth of forest not penetrated ? what dan- 
ger of nature or man not defied? Where is the cultivated field, in re- 
deeming which from the wilderness, their vigor has not been displayed? 
Where amid unsubdued natiure, by the side of the first log-hut of the set- 
tler, does the school-house stand and the church-spire rise, unless the sons 
of New England are there ? Where does improvement advance, under the 



active energy of willing hearts and ready hands, prostrating the moss-cov- 
ered monarchs of the wood, and from their ashes, amid their charred 
roots, bidding the greensward and the waving harvest to upspring, and 
the spirit of the fathers of New England is not seen, hovering and shed- 
ding around the benign influences of sound social, moral, and religious in- 
stitutions, stronger and more enduring than knotted oak or tempered 
steel ? The swelling tide of their descendants has spread upon our coasts ; 
ascended our rivers; taken possession of our plains. Already it encircles 
our lakes. At this hour the rushing noise of the advancing wave startles 
the wild beast in his lair among the prairies of the West. Soon it shall 
be seen climbing the Rocky mountains, and, as it dashes over their cliffs, 
shall be hailed by the dwellers on the Pacific,* as the harbinger of the 
coming blessings of safety, liberty, and truth. 

The glory, which belongs to the virtues of our ancestors, is seen radiat- 
ing from the nature of their design; —from the spirit in which it was ex- 
ecuted ; — and from the character of their institutions. 

That emigration of Englishmen, which, two centuries ago, resulted in 
the settlement of this metropolis, was distinguished by the comparative 
greatness of the means employed, and the number, rank, fortune, and in- 
tellectual endowments of those engaged in it, as leaders or associates. 
Twelve ships, transporting somewhat less than nine hundred souls, consti- 
tuted the physical strength of tlie first enterprise. In the course of the 
twelve succeeding years, twenty-two thousand souls emigrated in one hun- 
dred and ninety-two ships, at a cost, including the private expenses of the 
adventurers, which cannot be estimated, in our currency, at less than one 
million of dollars. At that time the tide of emigration was stayed. In- 
telligent writers of the last century assert that more persons had subse- 
quently gone from New England to Europe, than had come to it during the 
same period from that quarter of the globe. A contemporary historian 
represents the leaders of the first emigration as " gentlemen of good estate 
and reputation, descended from, or connected by marriage with, noble fam- 
ilies ; having large means, and great yearly revenue, sufficient in all rea- 
son to content ; their tables abundant in food, their coffers in coin ; posses- 
sing beautiful houses, filled with rich furniture ; gainful in their business, 
and g^rowing rich daily ; well provided for themselves, and having a sure 
competfctice for their children; wanting nothing of a worldly nature to 
complete the prospects of ease and enjoyment, or which could contrib- 
ute to the pleasures, the prospects, or the splendors of life." 

The question forces itself on the mind. Why did such men emigrate ? 
Why did men of their condition exchange a pleasant and prosperous home 
for a repulsive and cheerless wilderness ? a civilized for a barbarous vicini- 
ty ? why, quitting peaceful and happy dwellings, dare the dangers of 

• This, it will be recollected, wag written some years before the gold discoTerie» 
in California. 



EARLY HISTORY. 5 

tempestuous and unexplored seas, the rigors of untried and severe climates, 
the difficulties of a hard soil, and the inhuman warfare of a savage foe ? 
An answer must be sought in the character of the limes ; and in the spir- 
it which the condition of their native country and age had a direct ten- 
dency to excite and cherish. The general civil and religious aspect of the 
English nation, in the age of our ancestors, and in that immediately pre- 
ceding their emigration, was singularly hateful and repulsive. A foreign 
hierarchy contendmg with a domestic despotism for infallibility and su- 
premacy in matters of faith. Confiscation, imprisonment, the axe and 
the stake, approved and customary means of making proselytes and pro- 
moting uniformity. The fires of Smithfield, now lighted by the corrupt 
and selfish zeal of Roman pontiffs ; and now rekindled by the no less cor- 
rupt and selfish zeal of English sovereigns. All men clamorous for the 
rights of conscience, when in subjection ; all actively persecuting, when 
in autnority. Everywhere religion considered as a state entity, and hav- 
ing apparently no real existence, except in associations in support of es- 
tablished power, or in opposition to it. 

The moral aspect of the age was not less odious than its civil. Every 
benign and characteristic virtue of Christianity was publicly conjoined, 
in close alliance, with its most offensive opposite. Humility wearing the 
tiara, and brandishing the keys, in the excess of the pride of temporal and 
spiritual power. The Roman pontiff, under the title of "the servant of 
servants," with his foot on the neck of every monarch in Christendom; 
and under the seal of the fisherman of Galilee, dethroning kings and giv- 
ing away kingdoms. Purity, content, and self-denial preached by men 
who held the wealth of Europe tributary to their luxury, sensuality, and 
spiritual pride. Brotherly love in the mouth, while the hand applied the 
instrument of torture. Charity, mutual forbearance, and forgiveness 
chanted in unison with clanking chains and crackling fagots. 

Nor was the intellectual aspect of the age less repulsive than its civil 
and moral. The native charm of the religious feeling lost or disfigured 
amidst forms, and ceremonies, and disciplines. By one class, piety was 
identified with copes, and crosiers, and tippets, and genuflexions. By 
another class, all these are abhorred as the tricks and conjuring garments 
of popery, or, at best, in the language of Calvin, as " tolerable fooleries " ; 
while they, on their part, identified piety with looks, and language, and 
gestures extracted or typified from Scripture, and fashioned according to 
the newest " pattern of the mount." By none were the rights of private 
judgment acknowledged. By all, creeds, and dogmas, and confessions, 
and catechisms, collected from Scripture with metaphysical skill, arranged 
with reference to temporal power and influence, and erected into standards 
of faith, were made the flags and rallying points of the spiritual swords- 
men of the church militant. 

The first emotion which this view of that period szcites, at the present 



day, is contempt or disgust. But tiie men of lliat age are no more re- 
sponsible for the mistakes into which they fell, under the circumstances 
in which the intellectual eye was then placed, than we, at this day, for 
those optical illusions to which the natural eye is subject, before time and 
experience have corrected the judgment and instructed it in the true laws 
of nature and vision. It was their fate to live in the crepuscular state of 
the intellectual day, and by the law of their nature they were compelled 
to see things darkly, through false and shifting mediums, and in lights at 
once dubious and deceptive. For centuries, a night of Egyptian darkness 
had overspread Europe, in the " palpable obscure " of which, priests and 
monarchs and nobles had not only found means to entiiral the minds of 
the multitude, but absolutely to loose and bewilder their own. 

When the light of learning began to dawn, the first rays of the rising 
splendor dazzled and confused, rather than directed, the mind. As the 
coming light penetrated the thick darkness, the ancient cumulative cloud 
severed into new forms. Its broken masses became tinged with an un- 
certain and shifting radiance. Shadows assumed the aspect of substan- 
ces; the evenescent suggestions of fancy, the look of fi.xed realities. 
The wise were at a loss what to believe, or what to discredit ; how to quit 
and where to hold. On all sides sprang up sects and parties, infinite in 
number, incomprehensible in doctrine; often imperceptible in difference; 
yet each claiming for itself infallibility, and, in the sphere it affected to 
influence, supremacy; each violent and hostile to the others, haughty 
and hating its non-adhering brother, in a spirit wholly repugnant to the 
humility and love inculcated by that religion, by which each pretended 
to be actuated ; and ready to resort, when it had power, to corporeal penal- 
ties, even to death itself, as allowed modes of self defence and prosely- 
lism. 

It was the fate of the ancestors of New England to have their lot cast 
in a state of society thus unprecedented. They were of that class of the 
English nation, in whom the systematic persecutions of a concentrated 
civil and ecclesiastical despotism had enkindled an intense interest con- 
cerning man's social and religious rights. Their sufferings had created in 
their minds a vivid and inextinguishable love of civil and religious liberty; 
a fixed resolve, at every peril, to assert and maintain their natural rights. 
Among the boldest and most intelligent of this class of men, chiefly 
known by the name of Puritans, were the founders of this metropolis. 
To a superficial view, their zeal seems directed to forms and ceremonies 
and disciplines which have become, at this day, obsolete or modified, and 
so seems mistaken or misplaced. But the wisdom of zeal for any object 
ia not to be measured by the particular nature of that object, but by the 
nature of the principle which the circumstances of the limes, or of so- 
ciety, have identified with such object. 

Liberty, whether civil or religious, is among the noblest objects of hu- 



EARLY HISTORY. 7 

man regard. Yet, to a being constituted like man, abstract liberty has 
no existence, and over him no practical influence. To be for him an effi- 
cient principle of action, it must be embodied in some sensible object. 
Thus the form of a cap, the color of a surplice, ship-money, a tax on tea, 
or on stamped paper, objects in themselves indifferent, have been so in- 
separably identified with the principle temporarily connected with them, 
that martyrs have died at the stake, and patriots have fallen in the field, 
and this wisely and nobly, for the sake of the principle, made by the cir- 
cumstances of the time to inhere in them. 

Now in the age of our fathers, the principle of civil and religious liber- 
ty became identified with forms, disciplines, and modes of worship. The 
zeal of our fathers was graduated by the importance of the inhering 
principle. This gave elevation to that zeal. This creates interest in 
their sufferings. This entitles them to rank among patriots and martyrs, 
who have voluntarily sacrificed themselves to the cause of conscience and 
their country. Indignant at being denied the enjoyment of the rights of 
conscience, which were in that age identified with those sensible objects, 
and resolute to vindicate them, they quitted country and home, crossed 
the Atlantic, and, without other auspices than their own strength and 
their confidence in Heaven, they proceeded to lay the foundation of a 
commonwealth, under the principles and by the stamina of which, their 
posterity have established an actual and uncontroverted independence, not 
less happy than glorious. To their enthusiastic vision, all the comforts 
of life and all the pleasures of society were light and worthless in com- 
parison with the liberty they sought. The tempestuous sea was less 
dreadful than the troubled waves of civil discord ; the quicksands, the 
unknown shoals, and unexplored shores of a savage coast, less fearful 
than the metaphysical abysses and perpetually shifting whirlpools of des- 
potic ambition and ecclesiastical policy and intrigue ; the bow and the 
tomahawk of the transatlantic barbarian, less terrible than the flame and 
faggot of the civilized European. In the calm of our present peace and 
prosperity, it is difficult for us to realize or appreciate their sorrows and 
sacrifices. They sought a new world, lying far off in space, destitute of 
all the attractions which make home and native land dear and venerable. 
Instead of cultivated fields and a civilized neighborhood, the prospect be- 
fore them presented nothing but dreary wastes, cheerless climates, and 
repulsive wildernesses, possessed by wild beasts and savages; the inter- 
vening ocean unexplored and intersected by the fleets of a hostile nation ; 
its usual dangers multiplied to the fancy, and in fact, by ignorance of 
real hazards, and natural fears of such as the event proved to be imagi- 
nary. 

"Pass on," exclaims one of these adventurers, "and attend, while 
these soldiers of faith ship for this western world ; while they and their 
wives and their little ones take an eternal leave of their country and kin- i 



dred. With what heart-breaking affection did they press loved friends to 
their bosoms, whom they were never to see again ! their voices broken 
by grief, till tears streaming eased their hearts to recovered speech again; 
natural affections clamorous as they take a perpetual banishment from 
their native soil; their enterprise scorned; their motives derided; and 
they counted but madmen and fools. But time shall discover the wisdom 
with which they were endued, and the sequel shall show how their policy 
overtopped all the human policy of this world." 

Winthrop, their leader and historian, in his simple narrative of the 
voyage, exhibits them, when in severe sufferings, resigned; in instant ex- 
pectation of battle, fearless; amid storm, sickness, and death, calm, con- 
fident, and undismayed. " Our trust," says he, " was in the Lord of 
hosts." For years, Winthrop, the leader of the first great enterprise, 
was the chief magistrate of the infant metropolis. His prudence guided 
its councils. His valor directed its strength. His life and fortune were 
spent in fixing its character, or in improving its destinies. A bolder spir- 
it never dwelt, a truer heart never beat, in any bosom. Had Boston, like 
Rome, a consecrated calendar, there is no name better entitled than that 
of Winthrop to be registered as its " patron saint." 

From Salem and Charlestown, the places of their first landing, they 
ranged the bay of Massachusetts to fix the head of the settlement. Af- 
ter much deliberation, and not without opposition, they selected this 
spot ; known to the natives by the name of Shatvmut, and to the adjoin- 
ing settlers by that of Trimountain ; the former indicating the abun- 
dance and sweetness of its waters ; the latter the peculiar character of 
its hills. 

Accustomed as we are to the beauties of the place and its vicinity, and 
in the daily perception of the charms of its almost unrivalled scenery, — 
in the centre of a natural amphitheatre, whose sloping descents the riches 
of a laborious and intellectual cultivation adorn, — where hill and vale, 
river and ocean, island and continent, simple nature and unobtrusive art, 
with contrasted and interchanging harmonies, form a rich and gorgeous 
landscape, we are little able to realize the almost repulsive aspect of its 
original state. We wonder at the blindness of those, who, at one time, 
constituted the majority, and had well nigh fixed elsewhere the chief seat 
of the settlement. Nor are we easily just to Winthrop, Johnson, and 
their associates, whose skill and judgment selected this spot, and whose 
firmness settled the wavering minda of the multitude upon it, as the place 
for their metropolis ; a decision, which the experience of two centuries 
has irrevocably justified, and which there is no reason to apprehend that 
the events or opinions of any century to come will reverse. 

To the eyes of the first emigrants, however, where now exists a dense 
and aggregated mass of living beings and material things, amid all the 
accommodations of life, the splendors of wealth, the delights of taste, 



EARLY HISTORY. 9 

and whatever can gratify the cultivated intellect, there were then only a 
few hills, which, when the ocean receded, were intersected by wide 
marshes, and when its tide returned, appeared a group of lofty islands, 
abruptly rising from the surrounding waters. Thick forests concealed the 
neighboring hills, and the deep silence of nature was broken only by the 
voice of the wild beast or bird, and the warwhoop of the savage. 

The advantage9' of the place were, however, clearly marked by the 
hand of nature; combining at once present convenience, future security, 
and an ample basis for permanent growth and prosperity. Towards the 
continent it possessed but a single avenue, and that easily fortified. Its 
hills then commanded, not only its own waters, but the hills of the vicin- 
ity. At the bottom of a deep bay, its harbor was capable of containing 
the proudest navy of Europe ; yet, locked by islands and guarded by 
winding channels, it presented great difficulty of access to strangers, and, 
to the inhabitants, great facility of protection against maritime invasion ; 
while to those acquainted with its waters, it was both easy and accessi- 
ble. To these advantages were added goodness and plenteousness of wa- 
ter, and the security afforded by that once commanding height, now, 
alas ! obliterated and almost forgotten, since art and industry have lev- 
elled the predominating mountain of the place ; from whose lofty and im- 
posing top the beacon-fire was accustomed to rally the neighboring popu- 
lation, on any threatened danger to the metropolis. A single cottage, 
from which ascended the smoke of the hospitable hearth of Blackstone, 
who had occupied the peninsula several years, was the sole civilized 
mansion in the solitude; the kind master of which, at first, welcomed the 
coming emigrants ; but soon, disliking the sternness of their manners and 
the Severity of their discipline, abandoned the settlement. His rights as 
first occupant were recognized by our ancestors ; and in November, 1634, 
Edmund Quincy, Samuel Wildbore, and others were authorized to assess 
a rate of thirty pounds for Mr. Blackstone, on the payment of which all 
local rights in the peninsula became vested in its inhabitants. 

The same bold spirit which thus led our ancestors across the Atlantic, 
and made them prefer a wilderness where liberty might be enjoyed to 
civilized Europe where it was denied, will be found characterizing all 
their institutions. Of these the limits of the time permit me to speak 
only in general terms. The scope of their policy has been usually regard- 
ed as though it were restricted to the acquisition of religious liberty in 
the relation of colonial dependence. No man, however, can truly un- 
derstand their institutions and the policy on which they were founded, 
without taking as the basis of all reasonings concerning them, that civil 
independence icas as truly their object as religious liberty; in other 
words, that the possession of the former was, in their opinion, the essen- 
tial means, indispensable to the secure enjoyment of the latter, which 
was their great end. 



10 BOSTON. 

The master passion of our early ancestors was dread of the English 
hierarchy. To place themselves, locally, beyond the reach of its power, 
they resolved to emigrate. To secure themselves after their emigration, 
from the arm of this their ancient oppressor, they devised a plan, which, 
as they thought, would enable them to establish, under a nominal subjec- 
tion, an actual independence. The bold and original conception, which 
they had the spirit to form and successfully to execute, was the attain- 
ment and perpetuation of religious liberty, under the auspices of a free 
commonwealth. This is the master-key to all their policy, — this the 
glorious spirit which breathes in all their institutions. Whatever in them 
is stern, exclusive, or at this day seems questionable, may be accounted 
for, if not justified, by its connection with this great purpose. 

The question has often been raised, when and by whom the idea of in- 
dependence of the parent state was first conceived, and by whose act a 
settled purpose to effect it was first indicated. History does not permit 
the people of Massachusetts to make a question of this kind. The honor 
of that thought, and of as eflicient a declaration of it as in their circum- 
stances was possible, belongs to Winthrop, and Dudley, and Saltonstall, 
and their associates, and was included in the declaration, that " the only 

CONDITION on which THEY WITH THEIR FAMILIES WOULD REMOVE TO 
THIS COUNTRY, WAS, THAT THE PATENT AND CHARTER SHOULD REMOVE 
WITH THEM." 

This simple declaration and resolve included, as they had the sagacity 
to perceive, all the consequences of an effectual independence, under a 
nominal subjection. For protection against foreign powers, a charter 
from the parent state was necessary. Its transfer to New England vest- 
ed, effectually, independence. Those wise leaders foresaw, that, atnong 
the troubles in Europe, incident to the age, and then obviously impending 
over their parent state, their settlement, from its distance and early insig- 
nificance, would probably escape notice. They trusted to events, and 
doubtless anticipated, that, with its increasing strength, even nominal 
subjection would be abrogated. They knew that weakness was the law of 
nature in the relation between parent states and their distant and de- 
tached colonies. Nothing else can be inferred, not only from their making 
the transfer of the charter the essential condition of their emigration, 
thereby saving themselves from all responsibility to persons abroad, but 
also from their instant and undeviating course of policy after their emi- 
gration ; in boldly assuming whatever powers were necessary to their con- 
dition, or suitable to their ends, whether attributes of sovereignty or not, 
without regard to the nature of the consequences resulting from the exer- 
cise of those powers. 

Nor was this assumption limited to powers which might be deduced 
from the charter, but was extended to such as no act of incorporation, 
like that which they possessed, could, by any possibility of legal construe- 



EAllLY HISTORY. 11 

tion, be deemed to include. By the magic of their daring, a private act 
of incorporation was transmuted into a civil constitution of stale ; under 
the authority of which they made peace and declared war ; erected judi- 
catures; coined money; raised armies ; built fleets; laid taxes and im- 
posts; inflicted fines, penalties, and death; and in imitation of the British 
constitution, by the consent of all its own branches, without asking leave 
of any other, their legislature modified its own powers and relations, pre- 
scribed the qualifications of those who should conduct its authority, and 
enjoy or be excluded from its privileges. 

The administration of the civil affairs of Massachusetts, for the sixty 
years next succeeding the settlement of this metropolis, was a phenome- 
non in the history of civil government. Under a theoretic colonial rela- 
tion, an efficient and independent Commonwealth was erected, claiming 
and exercising attributes of sovereignty, higher and far more extensive 
than, at the present day, in consequence of its connection with the gen- 
eral government, Massachusetts pretends either to exercise or possess. 
Well might Chalmers asserts, as in his Political Annals of the Colonies 
he does, that " Massachusetts, with a peculiar dexterity, abolished her 
charter " ; that she was always "fruitful in projects of independence, the 
principles of which, at all times, governed her actiona." In this point 
of view, it is glory enough for our early ancestors, that, under manifold 
disadvantages, in the midst of internal discontent and external violence 
and intrigue, of wars with the savages and with the neighboring colonies 
of France, they effected their purpose, and for two generations of men, 
from 1630 to 1692, enjoyed liberty of conscience, according to their view 
of that subject, under the auspices of a free commonwealth. 

The three objects, which our ancestors proposed to attain and perpetuate 
by all their institutions, were the noblest within the grasp of the human 
mind, and those on which, more than on any other, depend human hap- 
piness and hope; — religious liberty, civil liberty, and, as essential to 
the attainment and maintenance of both, intellectual power. 

On the subject of religious liberty, their intolerance of other sects has 
been reprobated as an inconsistency, and as violating the very rights of 
conscience for which they emigrated. The inconsistency, if it exist, is 
altogether constructive, and the charge proceeds on a false assumption. 
The necessity of the policy, considered in connection with their great de- 
sign of independence, is apparent. They had abandoned house and 
home, had sacrificed the comforts of kindred and cultivated life, had dared 
the dangers of the sea, and were then braving the still more appalling 
terrors of the wilderness; for what? — to acquire liberty for all sorts of 
consciences 1 Not so ; but to vindicate and maintain the liberty of their 
own consciences. They did not cross the Atlantic on a crusade in behalf 
of the rights of mankind in general, but in support of their own rights 
and liberties. Tolerate! Tolerate whom? The legate of the Roman Pon- 



12 BOSTON. 

tiff, or the emissary of Charles the First and Archbishop Laud? How 
consummate would have been their folly and madness, to have fled into 
the wilderness to escape the horrible persecutionsof those hierarchies, and 
at once have admitted into the bosom of their society, men brandishing, 
and ready to apply, the very flames and fetters from which they had fled ! 
Those who are disposed to condemn them on this account, neither realize 
the necessities of their condition, nor .the prevailing character of the 
times. Under the stern discipline of Elizabeth and James, the stupid big- 
otry of the First Charles, and the spiritual pride of Archbishop Laud, the 
spirit of the English hierarchy was very different from that which it as- 
sumed, when, after having been tamed and humanized under the whole- 
some discipline of Cromwell and his Commonwealth, it yielded itself to 
the mild influence of the principles of 1688, and to the liberal spirit of Til- 
lotson. 

But, it is said, if they did not tolerate their ancient persecutors, they 
might, at least, have tolerated rival sects. That is, they ought to have 
tolerated sects imbued with the same principles of intolerance as the 
transatlantic hierarchies ; sects, whose first use of power would have 
been to endeavor to uproot the liberty of our fathers, and persecute them, 
according to the known principles of sectarian action, with a virulence in 
the inverse ratio of their reciprocal likeness and proximity. Those who 
thus reason and thus condemn, have considered but very superficially 
the nature of the human mind and its actual condition in the time of our 
ancestors. 

The great doctrine, now so universally recognized, that liberty of con- 
science is the right of the individual, — a concern between every man and 
his Maker, with which the civil magistrate is not authorized to interfere, 
— was scarcely, in their day, known, except in private theory and solitary 
speculation ; as a practical truth, to be acted upon by the civil power, it 
was absolutely and universally rejected by all men, all parties, and all 
sects, as totally subversive, not only of the peace of the church, but of 
the peace of society. That great truth, now deemed so simple and plain, 
was so far from being an easy discovery of the human intellect, that it 
may be doubled whether it would ever have been discovered by human 
reason at all. had it not been for the miseries in which man was involved 
in consequence of his ignorance of iU That truth was not evolved by the 
calm exertion of the human faculties, but was stricken out by the collis- 
ion of the human passions. It was not the result of philosophic research, 
but was a hard lesson, taught under the lash of a severe discipline, pro- 
vided for the gradual instruction of a being like man, not easily brought 
into subjection to virtue, and with natural propensities to pride, ambi- 
tion, avarice, and selfishness. 

Previously to that time, in all modifications of society, ancient or mod- 
ern, religion had been seen only in close connection with the State. It 



EARLY HISTORY. 13 

was the universal instrument by which worldly ambition shaped and 
moulded the multitude to its ends. To have attempted the establishment 
of a state on the basis of a perfect freedom of religious opinion, and the 
perfect right of every man to express his opinion, would then have been 
considered as much a solecism, and an experiment quite as wild and vis- 
ionary, as it would be, at this day, to attempt the establishment of a state 
on the principle of a perfect liberty of individual action, and the perfect 
right of every man to conduct himself according to his private will. 
Had our early ancestors adopted the course we, at this day, are apt to 
deem so easy and obvious, and placed their government on the basis of 
liberty for all sorts of consciences, it would have been, in that age, a cer- 
tain introduction of anarchy. It cannot be questioned, that all the fond 
hopes they had cherished from emigration would have been lost. The 
agents of Charles and James would have planted here the standard of the 
transatlantic monarchy and hierarchy. Divided and broken, without prac- 
tical energy, subject to court influences and court favorites. New England 
at this day would have been a colony of the parent state, her character 
yet to be formed and her independence yet to be vindicated. Lest the 
consequences of an opposite policy, had it been adopted by our ancestors, 
may seem to be exaggerated, as here represented, it is proper to state, 
that upon the strength and united spirit of New England mainly depend- 
ed (under Heaven) the success of our revolutionary struggle. Had New 
England been divided, or even less unanimous, independence would have 
scarcely been attempted, or, if attempted, acquired. It will give addition- 
al strength to this argument to observe, that the number of troops, regular 
and militia, fiirnished by all the States during the war of the revolution, 

was 288,134 

Of these New England furnished more than half, viz. . . 147,674 

And Massachusetts alone furnished nearly one third, viz. . * 83, 162 

The non-toleration which characterized our early ancestors, from what- 
ever source it may have originated, had undoubtedly the effect they in- 
tended and wished. It excluded from influence in their infant settlement 
all the friends and adherents of the ancient monarchy and heirarchy ; all 
who, from any motive, ecclesiastical or civil, were disposed to disturb 
their peace or their churches. They considered it a measure of " self- 
defence," And it is unquestionable, that it was chiefly instrumental in 
forming the homogeneous and exclusively republican character, for which 
the people of New-England have, in all times, been distinguished ; and, 
above all, that it fixed irrevocably in the country that noble security for 
religious liberty, the independent system of church government. 

The principle of the independence of the churches, including the right 
of every individual to unite with what church he pleases, under whatever 

• See " Collections of the New Hampshire Historical Society," Vol. I. j 



14 BOSTON. 

sectarian auspices it may have been fostered, has through the influence 
of time and experience, lost altogether its exclusive character. It has be- 
come the universal guaranty of religious liberty to all sects without dis- 
crimination, and is as much the protector of the Roman Catholic, the 
Episcopalian, and the Presbyterian, as of the Independent form of wor- 
ship. The security, which results from this principle, does not depend 
upon charters and constitutions, but on what is stronger than either, the 
nature of the principle in connection with the nature of man. So long 
as this intellectual, moral, and religious being, man, is constituted as he 
is, the unrestricted liberty of associating for public worship, and the in- 
dependence of those associations of external control, will necessarily 
lead to a most happy number and variety of them. In the principle of 
the independence of each, the liberty of individual conscience is safe un- 
der the panoply of the common interest of all. No other perfect security 
for liberty of conscience was ever devised by man, except this independ- 
ence of the churches. This possessed, liberty of conscience has no dan- 
ger. This denied, it has no safety. There can be no greater human secu- 
rity than common right, placed under the protection of common interest. 

It is the excellence and beauty of this simple principle, that, while it 
secures all, it restricts none. They, who delight in lofty and splendid 
monuments of ecclesiastical architecture, may raise the pyramid of 
church power, with its aspiring steps and gradations, until it terminate 
in the despotism of one, or a few ; the humble dwellers at the base of the 
proud edifice may wonder, and admire the ingenuity of the contrivance 
and the splendor of its massive dimensions, but it is without envy and 
without fear. Safe in the principle of independence, they worship, be it 
in tent, or tabernacle, or in the open air, as securely as though standing 
on the topmost pinnacle of the loftiest fabric ambition ever devised. 

The glory of discovering and putting this principle to the test, on a 
scale capable of trying its eflicacy, belongs to the fathers of Massachu- 
setts, who are entitled to a full share of that acknowledgment made by 
Hume, when he asserts, " that for all the liberty of the English constitu- 
tion, that nation is indebted to the Puritans." 

The glory of our ancestors radiates from no point more strongly than 
from their institutions of learning. The people of New England are the 
first known to history, who provided, in the original constitution of their 
society, for the education of the whole population out of the general fund. 
In other countries, provisions have been made of this character in favor 
of certain particular classes, or for the poor by way of charity. But here 
first were the children of the whole community invested with the right of 
being educated at the expense of the whole society; and not only this, 
— the obligation to take advantage of that right was enforced by severe 
supervision and penalties. By simple laws they founded their common- 
wealth on the only basis on which a republic has any hope of happiness 



EARLY HISTORY. ]a 

or continuance, the general information of the people. They denomina- 
ted it " barbarism " not to be able " perfectly to read the English tonsue 
and to know the general laws." In soliciting a general contribution for 
the support of the neighboring University, they declare that "skill in 
! the tongues and liberal arts is not only laudable, but necessary for the 
well-being of the commonwealth." And in requiring every town, having 
one hundred householders, to set up a Grammar School, provided with a 
master able to fit youth for the University, the object avowed is, " to en- 
able men to obtain a knowledge of the Scriptures, and by acquaintance 
with the ancient tongues to qualify them to discern the true sense and 
meaning of the original, however corrupted by false glosses." Thus lib- 
eral and thus elevated, in respect of learning, were the views of our an- 
cestors. 

To the same master passion, dread of the English hierarchy, and the 
same main purpose, civil independence, may be attributed, in a great de- 
gree, the nature of the government which the principal civil and spirit- 
ual influences of the time established, and, notwithstanding its many ob- 
jectionable features, the willing submission to it of the people. 

It cannot be questioned that the constitution of the State, as sketched 
in the first laws of our ancestors, was a skilful combination of both civil 
and ecclesiastical powers. Church and state were very curiously and effi- 
ciently interwoven with each other. It is usual to attribute to religious 
bigotry the submission of the mass of the people to a system thus stern 
and exclusive. It may, however, with quite as much justice, be resolved 
into love of independence and political sagacity. 

The great body of the first emigrants doubtless coincided in general re- 
ligious views with those whose influence predominated in their church 
and state. They had consequently no personal objection to the stern dis- 
cipline their political system established. They had also the sagacity to 
foresee that a system which by its rigor should exclude from power all 
who did not concur with their religious views, would have a direct ten- 
dency to deter those in other countries from emigrating to their settle- 
ment, who did not agree with the general plan of policy they had adopt- 
ed, and of consequence to increase the probability of their escape from 
the interference of their ancient oppressors, and the chance of success in 
laying the foundation of the free commonwealth they contemplated. 
They also doubtless perceived, that with the unqualified possession of the 
elective franchise, they had little reason to apprehend that they could not 
easily control or annihilate any ill eflTect upon their political system, aris- 
ing from the union of church and state, should it become insupportable. 

There is abundant evidence that the submission of the people to this 
new form of church and state combination was not owing to ignorance, 
or to indiiference to the true principles of civil and religious liberty. 
Notwithstanding the strong attachment of the early emigrants to their 



16 BOSTON. 

civil, and their almost blinrl devotion to their ecclesiastical leaders, when 
either, presuming on their influence, attempted any thing inconsistent 
with general liberty, a corrective is seen almost immediately applied by 
the spirit and intelligence of the people. 

Ill this respect, the character of the people of Boston has been at all 
times distinguished. In every period of our history, they have been sec- 
ond to none in quickness to discern or in readiness to meet every exigen- 
cy, fearlessly hazarding life and fortune in support of the liberties of the 
commonwealth. It would be easy to maintain these positions by a re- 
currence to the annals of each successive age, and particularly to facts 
connected with our revolutionary struggle. A few instances only will be 
noticed, and those selected from the earliest times. 

A natural jealousy soon sprung up in the metropolis as to the inten- 
tions of their civil and ecclesiastical leaders. In 1634 the people began 
to fear, lest, by reelecting Winthrop, they "should make way for a Gov- 
ernor for life." They accordingly gave some indications of a design to 
elect another person. Upon which John Cotton, their great ecclesiastical 
head, then at the height of his popularity, preached a discourse to the 
General Court, and delivered this doctrine : " that a magistrate ought not 
to be turned out, without just cause, no more than a magistrate might 
turn out a private man from his freehold, without trial." To show their 
dislike of the doctrine by the most practical of evidences, our ancestors 
gave the political divine and his adherents a succession of lessons, for 
which they were probably the wiser all the rest of their lives. They 
turned out Winthrop at the very same election, and put in Dudley. The 
year after, they turned out Dudley and put in Haynes. The year after, 
they turned out Haynes and put in Vane. So much for the first broach- 
ing, in Boston, of the doctrine that public office is of the nature of free- 
hold. 

In 1635, an attempt was made by the General Court to elect a certain 
ntimber of magistrates as councillors for life. Although Cotton was the 
author also of this project, and notwithstanding his influence, yet such 
was the spirit displayed by our ancestors on the occasion, that within 
three years the General Court was compelled to pass a vote, denying any 
such intent, and declaring that the persons so chosen should not be ac- 
counted magistrates or have any authority in consequence of such elec- 
tion. 

In 1636, the great Antinomian controversy divided the country. Bos- 
ton was for the covenant of grace ; the General Court for the covenant of 
works. Under pretence of tfie apprehension of a riot, the General Court 
adjourned to Newtown, and expelled the Boston deputies for daring to 
remonstrate. Boston, indignant at this infringement of its liberties, was 
about electing the same deputies a second lime. At the earnest solicita- 
tion of Cotton, however, they chose others. One of these was also ex- 



EARLY HISTORY. 17 

pelled by the Court ; and a writ having issued to the town ordering a new 
election, they refused making any return to the warrant, — a contempt 
which the General Court did not think it wise to resent. 

In 1639, there being vacancies in the Board of Assistants, the governor 
and magistrates met and nominated three persons, " not with intent," as 
they said, "to lead the people's choice of these, nor to divert them from 
any other, but only to propound for consideration (which any freeman 
may do), and so leave the people to use their liberties according to their 
consciences." The result was, that the people did use their liberties ac- 
cording to their consciences. They chose not a man of them. So much 
for the first legislative caucus in our history. It probably would have 
been happy for their posterity, if the people had always treated like 
nominations with as little ceremony. 

About this time also the General Court took exception at the length of 
the "lectures," then the great delight of the people, and at the ill effects 
resulting from their frequency ; whereby poor people were led greatly to 
neglect their affairs; to the great hazard also of their health, owing to 
their long continuance in the night. Boston expressed strong dislike at 
this interference, "fearing that the precedent might enthrall them to the 
civil power, and, besides, be a blemish upon them with their posterity, as 
though they needed to be regulated by the civil magistrate, and raise an 
ill-savor of their coldness, as if it were possible for the people of Boston to 
complain of too much preaching." 

The magistrates, fearful lest the people should break their bonds, were 
content to apologize, to abandon the scheme of shortening lectures or 
diminishing their number, and to rest satisfied with a general understand- 
ing that assemblies should break up in such season as that people, dwel- 
ling a mile or two off, might get home by daylight, Winthrop, on this 
occasion, passes the following eulogium on the people of Boston, which 
every period of their history amply confirms : — " They were generally 
of that understanding and moderation, as that they would be easily guided 
in their way by any rule from Scripture or sound reason," 

It is curious and instructive to trace the principles of our constitution, 
as they were successively suggested by circumstances, and gradually 
gained by the intelligence and daring spirit of the people. For the first 
four years after their emigration, the freemen, like other corporations, 
met and transacted business in a body. At this time the people attained 
a representation under the name of deputies, who sat in the same room 
with the magistrates, to whose negative all their proceedings were sub- 
jected. Next arose the struggle about the negative, which lasted for 
ten years, and eventuated in the separation of the General Court into two 
branches, with each a negative on the other. Then came the jealousy of 
the deputies concerning the magistrates, as proceeding too much by their 
discretion for want of positive laws, and the demand by the deputies that 



18 BOSTON. 

persons should-be appointed to frame a body of fundamental laws in re- 
semblance of the English Magna Charla. 

After this occurred the controversy relative to the powers of the magis- 
trates, during the recess of the General Court ; concerning which, when 
the deputies found that no compromise could be made, and the magis- 
trates declared that, " if occasion required, they should act according to 
the power and trust committed to them," the speaker of the House in his 
place replied, — " Then, gentlemen, you will not be obeyed." 

In every period of our early history, the friends of the ancient hier- 
archy and monarchy were assiduous in their endeavors to introduce a 
form of government on the principle of an efficient colonial relation. 
Our ancestors were no less vigilant to avail themselves of their local situ- 
ation and of the difficulties of the parent state to defeat those attempts; 
— or, in their language, " to avoid and protract." They lived, however, 
under a perpetual apprehension that a royal governor would he imposed 
upon them by the law of force. Their resolution never faltered on the 
point of resistance, to the extent of their power. Notwithstanding Bos- 
ton would have been the scene of the struggle, and the first victim to it. 
yet its inhabitants never shrunk from their duly through fear of danger, 
and were always among the foremost to prepare for every exigency. 
Castle Island was fortified chiefly, and the battery at the north end of the 
town, and that called the " Sconce," wholly, by the voluntary contribu- 
tions of its inhabitants. After the restoration of Charles the Second, 
their instructions to their representatives ijn the General Court breathe 
one uniform spirit, — " not to recede from their just rights and privileges 
as secured by the patent." When, in 1662, the king's commissioners 
came to Boston, the inhabitants, to show their spirit in support of their 
own laws, took measures to have them all arrested for a breach of the 
Saturday evening law; and actually brought them before the magistrate 
for riotous and abusive carriage. When Randolph, in 1684, came with 
his quo warranto against their charter, on the question being taken in 
town meeting, " whether the freemen were minded that the General Court 
should make full submission and entire resignation of their charter, and 
of the privileges therein granted, to his Majesty's pleasure," — Boston 
resolved in the negative, without a dissentient. 

In 1639, the tyranny of Andros, the governor appointed by James the 
Second, having become insupportable to the whole country, Boston rose, 
like one man; took the battery on Fort Hill by assault in open day; 
made prisoners of the king's governor, and the captain of the king's 
frigate, then lying in the harbor; and restored, with the concurrence of 
the country, the authority of the old charter leaders. 

By accepting the charier of William and Mary, in 1692, the people of 
Massachusetts first yielded their claims of independence to the crown. 
It is only requisite to read the official account of the agents of the colony, 



EARLY HISTORY. 19 

to perceive both the resistance they made to that charter, and the neces- 
sity which compelled their acceptance of it. Those agents were told by 
the king's ministers, that they " must take that or none " ; — that " their 
consent to it was not asked " ; — that if " they would not submit to the 
king's pleasure, they must take what would follow." "The opinion of 
our lawyers," says the agents, "was, that a passive submission to the 
new, was not a surrender of the old charter ; and that their taking up 
with this did not make the people of Massachusetts, in law, uncapable of 
obtaining all their old privileges, whenever a favorable opportunity 
should present itself ." In the year 1776, nearly a century afterwards, 
that " favorable opportunity did present itself," and the people of Mas- 
sachusetts, in conformity with the opinion of their learned counsel and 
faithful agents, did vindicate and obtain all their "old privileges" of 
selfgovernment. 

Under the new colonial government, thus authoritatively imposed upon 
them, arose new parties and new struggles; — prerogative men, earnest 
for a permanent salary for the king's governor ; — patriots, resisting such 
an establishment, and indignant at the negative exercised by that officer. 

At the end of the first century after the settlement, three generations of 
men had passed away. For vigor, boldness, enterprise, and a self sacri- 
ficing spirit, Massachusetts stood unrivalled. She had added wealth and 
extensive dominion to the English crown. She had turned a barren wil- 
derness into a cultivated field, and instead of barbarous tribes had planted 
civilized communities. She had prevented France from taking possession 
of the whole of North America ; conquered Port Royal and Acadia ; and 
attempted the conquest of Canada with a fleet of thirty -two sail and two 
thousand men. At one time a fifth of her whole effective male population 
was in arms. When Nevis was plundered by Iberville, she voluntarily 
transmitted two thousand pounds sterling for the relief of the inhabitants 
of that island. By these exertions her resources were exhausted, her 
treasury was impoverished, and she stood bereft, and "alone with her 
glory." 

Boston shared in the embarrassments of the commonwealth. Her com- 
merce was crippled by severe revenue laws, and by a depreciated curren- 
cy. Her population did not exceed fifteen thousand. In September, 1730, 
she was prevented from all notice of this anniversary by the desolations 
of the small-pox. 

Notwithstanding the darkness of these clouds which overhung Massa- 
chusetts and its metropolis at the close of the first century, in other as- 
pects the dawn of a brighter day may be discerned. The exclusive policy 
in matters of religion, to which the state had been subjected, began gradu- 
ally to give plape to a more perfect liberty. Literature was exchanging 
subtile metaphysics, quaint conceits, and unwieldy lore, for inartificial 
reasoning, simple taste, and natural thought. Dummer defended the 



20 BOSTON. 

colony in language polished in the society of Pope and of Bolinghroke. 
Coleman, Cooper, Chauncy, Bowdoin, and others of that constellation, 
were on the horizon. By their side shone the star of Franklin ; its early 
brightness giving promise of its meridian splendors. Even now began to 
appear signs of revolution. Voices of complaint and murmur were heard 
in the air. "Spirits finely touched and to fine issues," — willing and 
fearless, — breathing unutterable things, flashed along the darkness. In 
the sky were seen streaming lights, indicating the approach of luminaries 
yet below the horizon ; Adams, Hancock, Otis, Warren ; leaders of a 
glorious host; — precursors of eventful times; "with fear of change 
perplexing monarchs." 

It would be appropriate, did space permit, lb speak of these luminaries, 
in connection with our revolution ; to trace the principles, which dic- 
tated the first emigration of the founders of this metropolis, through the 
several stages of their development ; and to show that the Declaration of 
Independence, in 1776, itself, and all the struggles which preceded it, and 
all the voluntary sacrifices, the self devotion, and the suflTerings to which 
the people of that day submitted, for the attainment of independence, 
were, so far as respects Massachusetts, but the natural and inevitable 
consequences of the terms of that noble engagement, made by our ances- 
tors, in August, 1629, the year before their emigration ; — which may 
well be denominated, from its early and later results, the first and original 
declaration of independence by Massachusetts. 

" By God's assistance, we will he ready in our persons, and with 
such of our families as are to go with us, to embark for the said plan- 
tation by the first of March next, to pass the seas {under God's protec- 
tion) to inhabit and continue in Neio England. Provided always, that 
before the last of September next, the whole government, together 

WITH THE PATENT, BE FIRST LEGALLY TRANSFERRED AND ESTABLISHED, 
to remain WITH US AND OTHERS, WHICH SHALL INHABIT THE SAID PLAN- 
TATION." — Generous resolution ! Noble foresight! Sublime self devo- 
tion ; chastened and directed by a wisdom, faithful and prospective of 
distant consequences! "Well may we exclaim, — " This policy over- 
topped all the policy of this world." 

For the advancement of the three great objects which were the scope 
of the policy of our ancestors, — intellectual power, religious liberty, and 
civil liberty, — Boston has in no period been surpassed, either in readi- 
ness to incur, or in energy to make useful, personal or pecuniary sacrifi- 
ces. She provided for the education of her citizens out of the general 
fund, antecedently to the law of the Commonwealth making such provi- 
sion imperative. Nor can it be questioned that her example and influ- 
ence had a decisive effect in producing that law. An intelligent gener- 
osity has been conspicuous among her inhabitants on this subject, from 
the day when, in 1635, they "entreated our brother Philemon Pormont to 



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EARLY HISTORY. 21 

become schoolmaster, for the teaching and nurturing children with us," 
to this hour, when what is equivalent to a capital of two hundred and 
fifty thousand dollars is invested in school-houses, eighty schools are 
maintained, and seven thousand and five hundred children educated at an 
expense exceeding annually sixty-five thousand dollars. 

No city in the world, in proportion to its means and population, ever 
gave more uniform and unequivocal evidences of its desire to diffuse in- 
tellectual power and moral culture through the whole mass of the com- 
munity. The result is every day witnessed, at home and abroad, in pri- 
vate intercourse and in the public assembly; in a quiet and orderly de- 
i meanor, in the self-respect and mutual harmony prevalent among its 
citizens ; in the general comfort which characterizes their condition ; in 
their submission to the laws ; and in that wonderful capacity for self- 
government which postponed, for almost two centuries, a city organiza- 
tion; — and this, even then, was adopted more with reference to antici- 
pated, than from experience of existing, evils. During the whole of that 
period, and even after its population exceeded fifty thousand, its financial, 
economical, and municipal interests were managed, either by general 
vote, or by men appointed by the whole multitude ; and with a regular- 
ity, wisdom, and success, which it will be happy if future administra- 
tions shall equal, and which certainly they will find it difficult to exceed. 

The influence of the institutions of our fathers is also apparent in that 
munificence towards objects of public interest or charity, for which, in 
every period of its history, the citizens of Boston have been distinguished, 
and which, by universal consent, is recognized to be a prominent feature 
in their character. To no city has Boston ever been second in its spirit 
of liberality. From the first settlement of the country to this day, it has 
been a point to which have tended applications for assistance or relief, on 
account of suffering or misfortune ; for the patronage of colleges, the en- 
dowment of schools, the erection of churches, and the spreading of learn- 
ing and religion, — from almost every section of the United States. Sel- 
dom have the hopes of any worthy applicant been disappointed. The 
benevolent and public spirit of its inhabitants is also evidenced by its 
hospitals, its asylums,^ public libraries, alms-houses, charitable associa- 
tions, — in its patronage of the neighboring University, and in its sub- 
scriptions for general charities. 

It is obviously impracticable to give any just idea of the amount of 
these charities. They flow from virtues which seek the shade and shun 
record. They are silent and secret out-wellings of grateful hearts, desir- 
ous unostentatiously to acknowledge the bounty of Heaven in their pros- 
perity and abundance. The result of inquiries, necessarily imperfect, 
however, authorize the statement, that, in the records of societies having 
for their objects either learning or some public charity, or in documents 
in the hands of individuals relative to contributions for the relief of suf- 



22 BOSTON. 

fering, or the patronage of distinguished merit or talent, there exists evi- 
dence of the liberality of the citizens of this metropolis, and that chiefly 
within the last thirty years, of an amount, by voluntary donation or be- 
quest, exceeding one million and eight hundred thousand dollars. Far 
short as this sum falls of the real amount obtained within that period 
from the liberality of our citizens, it is yet enough to make evident that 
the best spirit of the institutions of our ancestors survives in the hearts, 
and is exhibited in the lives, of the citizens of Boston ; inspiring love of 
country and duty ; stimulating to the active virtues of benevolence and 
charity ; exciting wealth and power to their best exercises ; counteracting 
what is selfish in our nature ; and elevating the moral and social virtues 
to wise sacrifices and noble energies. 

With respect to religious liberty, where does it exist in a more perfect 
state than in this metropolis ? Or where has it ever been enjoyed in a 
purer spirit, or with happier consequences ? In what city of equal popu- 
lation are all classes of society more distinguished for obedience to the 
institutions of religion, for regular attendance on its worship, for more 
happy intercourse with its ministers, or more uniformly honorable sup- 
port of them ? In all struggles connected with religious liberty, and 
these are inseparable from its possession, it may be said of the inhabi- 
tants of this city, as truly as of any similar association of men, that they 
have ever maintained the freedom of the Gospel in the spirit of Christian- 
ity, Divided into various sects, their mutual intercourse has, almost 
without exception, been harmonious and respectful. The labors of in- 
temperate zealots, with which, occasionally, every age has been troubled, 
have seldom, in this metropolis, been attended with their natural and 
usual consequences. Its sects have never been made to fear or hate one 
another. The genius of its inhabitants, through the influence of the in- 
tellectual power which pervades their mass, has ever been quick to detect 
" close ambition varnished o'er with zeal." The modes, the forms, the 
discipline, the opinions which our ancestors held to be essential, have, in 
many respects, been changed or obliterated with the progress of time, or 
been countervailed or superseded by rival forms and opinions. 

But veneration for the sacred Scriptures and attachment to the right of 
free inquiry, which were the substantial motives of their emigration and 
of all their institutions, remain, and are maintained in a Christian spirit 
(judging by life and language), certainly not exceeded in the times of any 
of our ancestors. The right to read those Scriptures is universally recog- 
nized. The means to acquire the possession and to attain the knowledge 
of them are multiplied by the intelligence and liberality of the age, and 
extended to every class of society. All men are invited to search for 
themselves concerning the grounds of their hopes of future happiness 
and acceptance. All are permitted to hear from the lips of our Saviour 
himself, that "the meek," " the merciful," "the pure in heart," "the 



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EARLY HISTORY. 23 

persecuted for righteousness' sake," are those who shall receive the bless- 
ing, and be admitted to the presence, of the Eternal Father ; and to be 
assured from those sacred records, that, " in every nation, he who feareth 
God and worketh righteousness is accepted of him." Elevated by the 
power of these sublime assurances, as conformable to reason as to revela- 
tion, man's intellectual principle rises "above the smoke and stir of this 
dim spot," and, like an eagle soaring above the Andes, looks down on 
the cloudy cliffs, the narrow, separating points, and flaming craters, 
which divide and terrify men below. 

It is scarcely necessary to speak of civil liberty, or tell of our constitu- 
tions of government; of the freedom they maintain and are calculated to 
preserve ; of the equality they establish ; the self-respect they encour- 
age ; the private and domestic virtues they cherish; the love of country 
they inspire; the self devotion and self-sacrifice they enjoin ; — all these 
are but the filling up of the great outline sketched by our fathers, the 
parts in which, through the darkness and perversity of their times, they 
were defective, being corrected ; all are but endeavors, conformed to their 
great, original conception, to group together the strength of society and 
the religious and civil rights of the individual, in a living and breathing 
spirit of efHcient power, by forms of civil government, adapted to our 
condition, and adjusted to social relations of unexampled greatness and 
extent, unparalleled in their results, and connected by principles elevated 
as the nature of man, and immortal as his destinies. 

It is not, however, from local position, nor from general circumstances 
of life and fortune, that the peculiar felicity of this metropolis is to be de- 
duced. Her enviable distinction is, that she is among the chiefest of that 
happy New England family, which claims descent from the early emi- 
grants. If we take a survey of that family, and, excluding from our 
view the unnumbered multitudes of its members who have occupied the 
vacant wilderness of other states, we restrict our thoughts to the local 
sphere of New England, what scenes open upon our sight ! How wild 
and visionary would seem our prospects, did we indulge only natural an- 
ticipations of the future ! Already, on an area of seventy thousand 
square miles, a population of two millions ; all, but comparatively a few, 
descendants of the early emigrants ! Six independent Commonwealths, 
with constitutions varying in the relations and proportions of power, yet 
uniform in all their general principles ; diverse in their political arrange- 
ments, yet each sufficient for its own' necessities ; all harmonious with 
those without, and peaceful within ; embracing under the denomination 
of towns, upwards of twelve hundred effective republics, with qualified 
powers, indeed, but possessing potent influences ; subject themselves to 
the respective state sovereignties, yet directing all their operations, and 
shaping their policy by constitutional agencies ; swayed, no less than the 
greater republics, by passions, interests, and affections ; like them, exciting 



24 BOSTON. 

competitions which rouse into action the latent energies of mind, and 
infuse into the mass of each society a knowledge of the nature of its in- 
terests, and a capacity to understand and share in the defence of those of 
the Commonwealth. The effect of these minor republics is daily seen in 
the existence of practical talents, and in the readiness with which those 
talents can be called into the public service of tlie state. 

If, after this general survey of the surface of New England, we cast 
our eyes on its cities and great towns, with what wonder should we be- 
hold, did not familiarity render the phenomenon almost unnoticed, men, 
combined in great multitudes, possessing freedom and the consciousness 
of strength, — the comparative physical power of the ruler less than that 
of a cobweb across a lion's path, — yet orderly, obedient, and respectful 
to authority ; a people, but no populace ; every class in reality existing, 
which the general law of society acknowledges, except one, — and this 
exception characterizing the whole country. The soil of New England is 
trodden by no slave. In our streets, in our assemblies, in the halls of 
election and legislation, men of every rank and condition meet, and unite 
or divide on other principles, and are actuated by other motives, than 
those growing out of such distinctions. The fears and jealousies, which 
in other countries separate classes of men and make them hostile to each 
other, have here no influence, or a very limited one. Each individual, of 
whatever condition, has the consciousness of living under known laws, 
which secure equal rights, and guarantee to each whatever portion of 
the goods of life, be it great or small, chance, or talent, or industry may 
have bestowed. All perceive that the honors and rewards of society are 
open equally to the fair competition of all ; that the distinctions of wealth, 
or of power, are not fixed in families ; that whatever of this nature exists 
to-day, may be changed to-morrow, or, in a coming generation, be abso- 
lutely reversed. Common principles, interests, hopes, and affections, are 
the result of universal education. Such are the consequences of the 
equality of rights, and of the provisions for the general diffusion of 
knowledge and the distribution of intestate estates, established by the 
laws framed by the earliest emigrants to New England. 

If from our cities we turn to survey the wide expanse of the interior, 
how do the effects of the institutions and example of our early ancestors 
appear, in all the local comfort and accommodation which mark the gen- 
eral condition of the whole country ; — unobtrusive, indeed, but substan- 
tial ; in nothing splendid, but in every thing sufficient and satisfactory. 
Indications of active talent and practical energy exist everywhere. With 
a soil comparatively little luxuriant, and in great proportion either rock, 
or hill, or sand, the skill and industry of man are seen triumphing over 
the obstacles of nature; making the rock the guardian of the field; 
moulding the granite, as though it were clay ; leading cultivation to the 
hill-lop, and spreading over the arid plain, hitherto unknown and unan- 



[33] 

SHIRTS MADE TO FIT, 

Locke's Shirt Depot, 

177 Washing^ton Street, near Milk Street, BOSTON. 

Shirts, Collars and Stocks of every variety, — the largest assortment in 
the United States, at the lowest prices, wholesale and retail. 

Fine Shirts made to order to float short notice. Gentlemen's Furnish- 
ing Goods, of every description. 

]\ew England 

BY 

F- J"- Cli^^^SE <Sc CO-:, 
Nos. 5 & 7 STJIDBURY STREET, 

(CORNER OF FRIEND STREET,) 

FRED. J. CHASE, Tg^v'Q^f^^ffi^ls^r^ 

CHAS. A. WHITING. iLa)^!^ ii VU/AJ <d 

Meals served at all Hours of the Day. 

EBEN. B. PHILLIPS, 

DEALER IN 

STRAITS, BANKS, SHORE, 

And Weatsf oot Oil. 

NO 91 FULTON STREET, BOSTON. 

Also, Cod jliver Oil prepared expressly for Medicinal purposes constant- 
ly on hand. 

HOVEY & CO., HORTICUL.TURISTS, 

Offer lor sale a very large and extensive collection of 

Trees, Plants, Garden and Flo-vtrer Seeds, Horti- 
cultural Seeds, Etc. ; 
One Hundred and Fifty Thousand Fruit Trees, 

Embracing the choicest kinds of Pears, Apples, Cherries, Peaches, Plums, 
Grapes, Currants, Strawberries, etc. and a very large stock of 
Ornamental Xrees, Shrulis, and Eversreens ! 
25,000 Greenhouse Plants, of all the choicest kinds, including the most rare 

and beautiful Roses, Camelias, Heaths, Geraniums, etc., etc. 
5,000 extra-sized Pear Trees, mostly in a bearing state, and from eight to twelve 
feet high. Trees and Plants packed so as to go safely to any part of the country. 
Catalogues gratis on application. 

Address H[OV£T <fe CO., BOSTON. 



[34:] 



MARBLE MANPICTORY. 




D. LEIGHTON 

Keeps constantly on hand a large variety of 

MAOLE CHIMNEY PIECES, 

MONUMENTS & GRAVE STONES, 

ALSO, 

TABLE TOPS, WASH BOWL TOPS, 



Made to order on the most reasonable terms. Builders and 1 
others are requested to call and examine before purchasing 
elsewhere. 

]¥o. 37 Charlestown Street, 



EARLY HISTORY. 25 



ticipated harvests. The lofty mansion of the prosperous adjoins the 
lovviy dwelling of the husbandman; their respective inmates are in the 
daily interchange of civility, sympathy, and respect. Enterprise and skill, 
which once held chief affinity with the ocean or the sea-board, now begin 
10 delight the interior, haunting our rivers, where the music of the water- 
fall, with powers more attractive than those of the fabled harp of Orpheus, 
collects around it intellectual man and material nature. Towns and 
cities, civilized and happy communities, rise, like exhalations, on rocks 
and in forests, till the deep and far-resounding voice of the neighbouring 
torrent is itself lost and unheard, amid the predominating noise of suc- 
cessful and rejoicing labor. 

What lessons has New England, in every period of her history, given 
to the world ! What lessons do her condition and example still give ! 
How unprecedented ; yet how practical ! How simple ; yet how power- 
ful ! She has proved, that all the variety of Christian sects may live to- 
gether in harmony, under a government which allows equal privileges to 
all, — exclusive preeminence to none. She has proved, that ignorance 
among the multitude is not necessary to order, but that the surest basis of 
perfect order is the information of the people. She has proved the old 
maxim, that " No government, except a despotism with a standing army, 
can subsist where the people have arms," is false. Ever since the first 
settlement of the country, arms have been required to be in the hands of 
the whole multitude of New England ; yet the use of them in a private 
quarrel, if it have ever happened, is so rare, that a late writer, of great 
intelligence, who had passed his whole life in New England, and pos- 
sessed extensive means of information, declares, " I know not a single 
instance of it." She has proved, that a people, of a character essentially 
military, may subsist without duelling. New England has, at all times, 
been distinguished, both on the land and on the ocean, for a daring, fear- 
less, and enterprising spirit ; yet the same writer asserts, that during the 
whole period of her existence, her soil has been disgraced but by Jive 
duels, and that only txco of these were fought by her native inhabitants ! 
Perhaps this assertion is not minutely correct. There can, however, be 
no question, that it is sufficiently near the truth to justify the position 
for which it is here adduced, and which the history of New England, as 
well as the experience of her inhabitants, abundantly confirms ; that, in 
the present and in every past age, the spirit of our institutions has, to 
every important practical purpose, annihilated the spirit of duelling. 

Such are the true glories of the institutions of our fathers ! Such the 
natural fruits of that patience in toil, that frugality of disposition, that 
temperance of habit, that general diffusion of knowledge, and that sense 
of religious responsibility, inculcated by the precepts, and exhibited in 
the example of every generation of our ancestors ! 

What then, in conclusion of this great topic, are the elements of the 



26 BOSTON. 

liberty, prosperity, and safety, which the inhabitants of New England at 
this day enjoy ? In what language, and concerning what comprehensive 
truths, does the wisdom of former times address the inexperience of the 
future ? 

Those elements are simple, obvious, and familiar. 

Every civil and religious blessing of New England, all that here gives 
happiness to human life, or security to human virtue, is alone to be per- 
petuated in the forms and under the auspices of a free commonwealth. 

The commonwealth itself has no other strength or hope, than the in- 
telligence and virtue of the individuals that compose it. 

For the intelligence and virtue of individuals, there is no other human 
assurance than laws providing for the education of the whole people. 

These laws themselves have no strength, or efficient sanction, except in 
the moral and accountable nature of man, disclosed in the records of the 
Christian's faith ; the right to read, to construe, and to judge concerning 
which, belongs to no class or cast of men, but exclusively to the indi- 
vidual, who must stand or fall by his own acts and his own faith, and not 
by those of another. 

The great comprehensive truths, written in letters of living light on 
every page of our history, — the language addressed by every past age of 
New England to all future ages is this ; — Human happiness has no per- 
fect security but freedom ; — freedom none but virtue ; — virtue none 
but knowledge ; and neither freedom, nor virtue, nor knowledge has 
any vigor, or immortal hope, except in the principles of the Christian 
faith and in the sanctions of the Christian religion. 

Men of Massachusetts ! Citizens of Boston ! descendants of the early 
emigrants ! consider your blessings ; consider your duties. You have an 
inheritance acquired by the labors and sufferings of six successive gener- 
ations of ancestors. They founded the fabric of your prosperity, in a 
severe and masculine morality ; having intelligence for its cement, and 
religion for its groundwork. Continue to build on the same foundation, 
and by the same principles ; let the extending temple of your country's 
freedom rise, in the spirit of ancient times, in proportions of intellectual 
and moral architecture, — just, simple, and sublime. As from the first 
to this day, let New England continue to be an example to the world, of 
the blessings of a free government, and of the means and capacity of man 
to maintain it. And, in all times to come, as in all times past, may Bos- 
ton be among the foremost and the boldest to exemplify and uphold what- 
ever constitutes the prosperity, the happiness, and the glory of New 
England. 



[35] 

THE BEST SEWING MACHINE 
FOR CliOTH AMD liEATHER, 

HUNT & WEBSTER, 

MANUFACTURERS, 
26 DEVONSHIRi: STREET, 

A. B. CRANE, 

Bell Hanger & Locksmith, 

(AT THE OLD STAND,) 

502 Washington, comer of Beach Street, Boston. 
Speaking: Tubes put up at sliort notice. 

Locks Repaired, Keys Fitted, Jobbing, &c. Orders from country 
promptly attended to. 
ALL WORK WARRANTED. 

" JOHN MANSFIELD, 

[late firm MANSFIELD & KEMP,] 

Boots^ Shoes and Rubbers^ 

]¥o. 173 Hanover Street, 

A FEW DOORS BELOW BLACKSONE ST., 

BOSTON. 
IVM. GOEDSMITH, 

Importer and Dealer in 

Watches, Clocks, Jewelry, Silver Ware and Spects, 

431 liVashlngton, corner Boylston ISt., Boston. 

Every description of Watches, Clocks, Music Boxes, Jewelry and Spects, care- 
fully repaired and warranted. Cash paid for old Gold and Silver, or taken 
in exchange. 



FRENCH 1ILLL\ER, 431 Washington Street BOSTON. 

Silk and straw Bonnets of the latest style. Mourning Bonnets made to order at 
short notice. Straw Bonnets bleached and pressed in a superior manner. 



MOSES MERKIFIELD, 

Dealer in 

Mattresses, Bedsteads, Chairs, Tables, Clocks, Trunks, Carpets, Boots, Shoes, 

SEAMEN'S CLOTHING AND SHIP STORES. 

Nos. 9, 11, &/ 13 Sea Street, Opposite Summer St. Wharf, 

BOSTON. 

H. W. SMITH, 

WATCHMAKERS' TOOLS, MATERIALS, 

AND 

No. 32 Washington Street, BOSTON, 

Watch Repairing and Jewelling for the Trade. 

BRODHIBAB & CO., 

— AND — 

COMMISSION MERCHAHTS, 

Nos. 53 and 55 TEEMOWT STBEET, 

[LATE PAVILION HOTEL,] 

BOSTON. 

Particular attention paid to sal*>s at private residences. Liberal advan- 
ces made on consignments. 

EZEKIEIi PITMA^ 

GENT^S FURNISHING GOODS, 
No. 31 Dock Square, . . . Boston. 



NOTICES 

OP 

PROMINENT EVENTS IN THE HISTORY OP 

BOSTON. 



[The following narrative is but little more than an abbreviated compilation from 
Snow's History of Boston. Holmes's Annals, and other works, have been occasion- 
ally consulted.] 

If the city of Boston, and the surrounding communities, in their 
present state of population and general prosperity, are regarded as the 
successful issue of a great enterprise, conceived in the highest spirit of 
adventure, demanding in its commencement courage to overcome great 
obstacles and fortitude to endure sharp trials, and in its progress, judg- 
ment, energy, and that perseverance which keeps honor bright, its his- 
tory, however briefly written, must possess attractions for the contempla- 
tive mind. 

If, as has been observed, the relation is deficient in all those mysterious 
and uncertain traditions which claim to invest the local histories of the 
Old World with the charms of poetry, it will not be denied by those who 
trace the present state of things from its humble beginning, and consider 
how comparatively shor\ has been the 

" blossoming time. 
That from the seedness the bare fallow brings 
To teeming foison," 

that it abounds in features of development, and in incidents, which are to 
be counted among those truths more strange than fiction, upon which the 
thoughts and sympathies dwell, not with the evanescent feelings stimu- 
lated by tales of fancy, but with profound and lasting emotions of wonder 
and gratitude. 

To those who are familiarly acquainted with the nature of our people, 
and our city's institutions, and are fitly imbued with the spirit of the 
early founders of this republic, it must be always a pleasing occupation to 



»3 HISTORY OP 

pass in review the various forms under v^hich our social and political life 
has been unfolded here, in what may with propriety be called the seat 
and centre of its being. In Boston may be found the most perfect mani- 
festation of the New England character throughout all its phases, from 
the severe and exclusive Puritan,- contending for "freedom to worship 
God," whose contest would never have witnessed its present triumph 
had he been less stern and exacting, that is, less suited to the age in 
which he wrought, to the present advocate and practiser of universal 
toleration in religion and opinion, — the latter being the natural and 
rightful descendant of the former, — the liberty and independence once 
established (and for the first time on earth), expanding ita broad wings to 
shield all sects and cover all doctrines. 

But while this subject must be one of special interest to Americans, 
and above all to the people of New England, still observers of less pene- 
tration, such as regard the history of this city only with that general 
concern belonging to the affairs of men, cannot fail on looking back to 
discern and follow out a natural and necessary sequence of events, ac- 
cording to which the present extent and flourishing condition of Boston 
and its dependencies are only the natural expansion of an originally 
vigorous root. 

On the I9lh of March, 1627 - 28, the council of Plymouth, in England, 
sold to some knights and gentlemen about Dorchester, that part of New 
England which lies between a great river called Merrimack, and a certain 
I other river there called Charles. But shortly after this, these honorable 
persons were brought into an acquaintance with several other persons of 
quality about London, who associated with them, and jointly petitioned 
the king to confirm their right by a new patent, which he did in the fourth 
year of his reign. This patent, or charter, was dated on the 4lh of 
March ; and it is singular that this day, which dates the beginning of 
the first social contract in the history of mankind based upon self govern- 
ment, and the broadest principles of civil and religious liberty, should 
still be preserved in our Federal Constitution as the period of those peace- 
ful changes in the administration of the affairs of the nation, which, in 
their constant recurrence, demonstrate that self government is the secret 
of society, — that democracy is successful. 

This charter constituted the associates, and all others who should be 
admitted into the association, one corporate body politic, by the name of 
the Governor and Company of the Massachusetts Bay in New England. 
Their general business was to be disposed and ordered by a court com- 
posed of a Governor, Deputy -Governor, and eighteen assistants. Be- 
tween the time of the purchase above mentioned, and the grant of the 
charter, one expedition of fifty or sixty persons, and another of three 
hundred and eighty-six men, women, and children, were sent out by the 
company, and formed establishments at Charlestown and Salem. Adven- 



[37] 
New and Valuable Invention ! 

WM. B. GUY, 

PATENTEE FOR 

liiiii wwm Will iiiiii 

A desideratum long needed, as the oxidation of iron or lead, produced by 
the action of water ou metallic pipes, renders the water very injurious and 
unhealthy. Also, inventor of a Glass Strainer for the bottom of Wells 
and Springs, which cannot fail to come into general use. Also, several 
new patterns of Pumps, which will be put up to order. 
ETr^Call and examine. 22 SUDBUBY STBEET. 

J. H. POIiliARD, 

Wholesale and Retail Dealer in 

New York and IVewark Champagne Cider, London Porter, and Scoteli Ales, 

Poultney & Massey's and Newlin & Budman's Philadelphia Porter and 

Ales, and Kerr & Co. 's, Boyd Brothers & Co. 's Superior Aew York and 

Albany Pale Ales, Also, Phipp's Boston Ale. 

No. 168 Commercial Street, BOSTON. 

PA1.JIIER & nAL£., 

Successors to Daniel Davis, Jr., 

Have removed to 158 Washington Street, Boston, 

Where may constantly be found all kinds of Magnetic and Telegraphic Appara- 
tus, and 

MATERIALS FOR TELEGRAPH LINES, 

PLATINA FO' .f^D WIRE, GALVANIC BATTERIES, INSULATED 

WIRE, and a" i»-f| .aratus for the various Medical Appliances of Electricity 

and tw^nism. Also, Batteries and Apparatus for the 

EXjEo :i?,0-C:E3:E]VEIC-A.ILi BuA^THS. 

Furnished at the shortest notice, and at the lowest prices. 

All Orders promptly attended to, eitiier by mail or otherwise. 

G. T. HARLOW, 

DEALER IN ALL KINDS OF 

GHAIES AND STOOLS. 

n^o. 34 IXorth Market St. 



[S8] 

Window S hades & Curta in Goods, 

G. L. & J. B. KELTY, 

MANUFACTURERS AND IMPORTERS OP 



CORNICES, BANDS, PINS, I.OOPS, CORD 

AND TASSEL.S. 

ALSO, 

KEim IIPRDVED imilC FIXflES. 

All kinds of Shades made and put up in the best manner. 

No. 170 Washington Street, 

BOSTON. 

JOHN EARL, Jr., 

HRdHlIT TIIIOR, 

ARMY AND NAVY UNIFtfiWIS 



AND 






No. 139 Washington St., 

CORNER OF SCHOOL STREET, 

(UP stairs), 

BOSTonsr. 



turers from the latter place were well received by the Indian Chief Saga- 
more, the Sachem of that tribe, who is described as a man of gentle and 
good disposition. 

The success attending these plantations, encouraged the company to 
persevere, and several of the principal members entered into aa agree- 
ment to remove with themselves and families, provided the whole govern- 
ment, together with the patent, was legally transferred and established to 
remain in perpetuity with themselves, and the future inhabitants and free 
associates of the settlement. 

This last proposition was accepted with hesitation, but finally acceded 
to as an inducement to gentlemen of wealth and quality to embark in the 
expedition with their property and families. Without retaining in their 
own hands the administration of the government, they would not have 
consented to risk their fortunes and happiness on such an arduous and 
distant enterprise. It is not probable that the full importance of this 
measure was foreseen at the time of its adoption, even by our fathers. It 
was demanded as a means of personal security and independence, and 
was characteristic of that self-respect, personal pride of character, and 
jealous love of liberty, which, after their religious zeal, most distinguished 
the founders of the city. Who, however, not endowed with the gift of 
prophecy, could have anticipated all the consequences which lay intreas- 
ured in those weak beginnings ? 

But, if the men of that day, the kings and statesmen, the wise men of 
England, — wise in their generation only, we mean the hierarchy, — 
were utterly unconscious of the momentous results involved in their de- 
cisions, we, who live to witness those results, find no difficulty in tracing 
them back, through the progress of things, to their first elements. We 
must remember that the leading men in this enterprise were wealthy, and 
well connected at home ; that they had honorable pursuits, and were in 
possession of ' fruitful lands, stately buildings, goodly orchards and gar- 
dens ' in the country of their birth. They are spoken of as "persons of 
quality and distinction." They were, moreover, "an excellent set of 
real and living Christians." By separating themselves from all the estab- 
lished societies of the Old World, and occupying a fresh and open field 
of action in the New World, they were able, without obstacle or inter- 
ruption, to create a community embodying and exemplifying all their 
peculiar opinions and traits of character. 

The change in the affairs of the company before spoken of, occurred in 
August, 1629, and on the 20th of the ensuing October, a special court was 
held for the election of a Governor, Deputy-Governor, and Assistants, from 
among those who were about to emigrate. Mr. John Winthrop was 
chosen Governor, and Mr. Thomas Dudley, Deputy. 

Preparations were immediately begun for the embarkation of a great 
colony, and they were carried on with such vigor, that by the end of 



/ 



30 HISTORY OF 

February, 1630, a fleet of fourteen sail was furnished with men, women, 
and children, with all the necessaries of life, with mechanics, and with 
people of good condition, wealth, and quality, to malce a firm plantation. 
The number of the colonists embarked in this fleet was fifteen hundred, 
and the cost of the outfit of the expedition was about one million of dol- 
lars, at that time a very large sum. On the I4th of June, the Admiral 
of the New England fleet arrived at Salem. In the vessel that bore that 
distinction. Governor Winthrop and Mr. Isaiac Johnson came passengers, 
and the Governor has left a journal containing a circumstantial account 
of the voyage, one event of which was, that the ship was cleared for 
action to engage a fleet of Dunkirkers, as they were thought to be ; but 
the Dunkirkers proved to be their own friends, and so their "fear and 
danger was turned into mirth and friendly entertainment." 

During this voyage, very strict attention to religious duties was ob- 
served, and the most rigid discipline enforced. 

The original design, that the principal part of the colony should settle 
in one place, to be called Boston, was frustrated by various circumstances. 
Governor Winthrop himself stopped at Charlestown, where several Eng- 
lish were already established; detachments that had arrived in other ves- 
sels before tht Governor, set themselves down at Watertown and Dorches- 
ter. Salem was already inhabited, though the colony was found in a sad 
condition. Above eighty deaths had occurred the winter before, and 
many of the survivors were weak and sickly. 

The first intention of the Governor, and those with him, was to make 
Charlestown their permanent abode, but from this he was deterred by the 
increasing sickness there also, attributed to the bad water, for as yet the 
inhabitants had found only one brackish spring, and that not accessible 
except when the tide was down. Besides those settled at Charlestown, 
there was one Englishman of the name of Samuel Maverick living on 
Noddle's Island, now East Boston, who made some figure in the history 
of the after times; and another named William Blackstone, an Episcopal 
clergyman, who resided in a small cottage on the south side of Charles 
River, near a point on the western side of a peninsula, which, at high 
water, appeared like two islands. The Indians called this peninsula 
Shawmut, but the English settlers had given it the name of Trimoun- 
TAIN, on account of its presenting the appearance, when seen from 
Charlestown, of three large hills, on the westernmost of which were three 
eminences, whilst on the brow of one of these eminences appeared three 
hillocks. This singular repetition of the same form gave rise, probably, 
to the name of Trimountain. 

Mr. Blackstone, taking compassion upon the unhappy condition of the 
colony, invited the Governor and his friends to remove to his side of the 
river ; and in August, Mr. Johnson, an influential and leading man, to- 
gether with several others, began a settlement. But previous to this, on 



[39] 
IVM. ARMSTRONG, 

DEALER IN 

Nos. 32 & 34 Clinton Street, 

Shoe Threads, French and American Calf Skins, Oak and Hemlock 

Tanned Sole Leather. 

DCr" Also, — Manufacturer of Fine Boot Lasts. .=0 

A. JENKINS, 

MONEY & REAL ESTATE BROKER, 

106 SUBBtJRY STREET, 106 

MONEY TO LOAN ON 

Piano Fortes, Gold and Silver Watches, Boots and Shoes, Clothing and 

Jewelry, Furniture, Hardware, Guns and Pistols, Silver Ware, &c. 

Houses and Stores Advertised, Bought, Sold and Let. Also, Stocks of 

Goods Bought, Sold and Exchanged. 

JAMES ROSS, ■ 



9 

No. 4 JBoylston Street, 

N. B. All orders promptly and faithfully attended to. 

CLAIRYOTANT 

E2s:-A.3yci3sr^^Tioisrs, 

BY 

MRS. G. PHELPS, 

Particular attention paid to Females. 



[30] 



BOSTON BELTING CO., 



MANUFACTURERS OP 



|h& |l Ar §mh 



India Rubber Belting-, 

« « Hose, 

" *' Packing. 

No. 37 MILK STREET, 



John 
Chas. 
John 



G. Tappan, 
M. Burnet, 
H. Cheever, 



BOSTOIT. 



STROUT & BRADFORD, 

Manufacturers, Importers and Wholesale Dealers in 

AliTED FLOOR CARPETS, 

TABLE OIL CLOTHS, 



Entry and Door Mats, &c., 

Nos. 1 and 2 Holmes' Block, llaymarket Square, 



JAMES F. STROUT, 
CHAS. R. BRADFORD, ] 



N. B. All kinds of Store and Church Shades got up at short notice. 



BOSTON. 31 

the 30th day of July, Governor Winthrop, Deputy-Governor Dudley, Mr. 
Johnson, and the Rev, Mr. Wilson, signed a covenant in the following 
terms : — 

" In the name of our Lord Jesus Christ, and in obedience to his holy 
will and divine ordinance, 

" We, whose names are here underwritten, being by his most wise and 
good providence brought together into this part of America, in the Bay of 
Massachusetts, and desirous to unite into one congregation or church, 
under the Lord Jesus Christ, our head, in such sort, as becometh all 
those whom he hath redeemed and sanctified to himself, do hereby 
bolemnly and religiously, as in his most holy presence, promise and bind 
ourselves to walk in all our ways according to the rule of the gospel, and 
in all sincere conformity to his holy ordinances, and in mutual love and 
respect to each other so near, as God shall give us grace." 

Others were soon added to this church. The covenant itself, and the 
immediate attention of the prominent individuals of the colony to re- 
ligion, and the establishment of a visible church, are introduced as sig- 
nificant indications of the true spirit of the time, and the objects of the 
expedition. 

The first meeting of the Court of Assistants under the authority of the 
new patent v/as held on board the ship Arabella, at Charlestown, on the 
23d of August, at which the first question propounded was, — How shall 
the ministers be maintained? That was met by ordering that houses 
should be built for them at the public charge, and that their salaries 
should be established. The minister at Watertown, Mr. Phillips, was to 
have thirty pounds a year, and Mr. Wilson twenty pounut; a year, until 
his wife came over. All this was at the common charge, and Governor 
Winthrop imdertook to see it executed. 

At the second meeting of the Court of Assistants, the name of Boston 
WELS given to the settlement of Trimountain ; this took place on the 7th 
day of September, 1630, which is the date of the foundation of the city, 
now preserved on the city seal. It is understood that this name was 
selected partly in compliment to the Rev. John Cotton, at that time an 
eminent dissenting preacher at Boston, in Lincolnshire, who was soon 
expected to join the colony, and partly because Boston had been one of 
the noted scenes of persecution of the Puritans, and partly again because 
several of the first settlers were bom there. The name of Boston was 
originally designed for the chief city, and it is not improbable that Win- 
throp and Johnson had the sagacity to perceive that the peninsula pos- 
sessed all the physical features suited" to great commercial prosperity and 
enterprise. 

Having now brought our fathers to the permanent earthly home of 
themselves and their posterity, let us endeavor to create to our minds 
some idea of the state and appearance of this now world-renowned spot, 



32 HISTORY OF 

when it was in a slate of almost savage nature, only inhabited by Aborigi- 
nal Indians. We look in vain for any recognizable trace of this period in 
the present condition of the region. The hills of Boston have been dug 
down and carried away for the convenience of building, and the loose 
material thus collected has been used to fill up large tracts of marsh and 
mud-lands; woods have been cut down on the main land and the islands ; 
the forest of trees is supplanted by the forest of masts, the forest of na- 
ture by that of art ; and in every direction the tokens of a highly flour- 
ishing and populous society have usurped the seat of a comparatively 
bleak solitude. But the imagination of an agreeable writer, Mr. Lothrop 
Motley, of Boston, has supplied us with a picture of the original Shaw- 
mut, both graphic and natural, in his work called " Merry Mount," to 
which we must refer the reader. 

The third Court of Assistants sat at Charlestown on the 28lh of Septem- 
ber. The first General Court of the Colony convened at Boston on the 
19th of October, every person being present who was free of the corpora- 
tion. 

We will complete our picture of the settlement by mentioning some of 
the events of the year 1630, which, in its infant state, it was thought 
worth while to record. 

" Oct. 25. The Governour began to discourage the practice of drink- 
ing toasts at table: so it grew by little and little to be disused. 

" 1631. March 4, Nicholas Knopp was fined five pounds for taking 
upon him to cure the scurvy by a water of no value, which he sold at a 
very dear rate ; to be imprisoned till he pay his fine, or give security for 
it, or else be vrhipped, and be liable to any man's action, of whom he had 
received money for the said water. 

'May 18. Election day at Boston; Winthrop and Dudley are re- 
chosen by general consent. 

" July 4. The Governour built a bark at Mystick, which was launched 
this day, and called the Blessing of the Bay. In the course of the season 
this vessel made several coasting trips. 

" 26. Monthly trainings are ordered." 

It would be strange, indeed, to compare these incidents with those that 
now mark the progress of the times ; to contrast, for example, the build- 
ing of the little boat, the " Blessing of the Bay," the solitary instance of 
that year, with the annual productions of the teeming ship-yards that 
now line the banks of the Mystic, either in number or size, 

" Your argosies with portly sail, — 
Like signiors and rich burghers on the flood. 
Or, as it were, the pageants of the sea " ; — 

to set the single voyage to Rhode Island to trade for a hundred bushels of 
corn, by the side of that commerce which has peopled the wide waste of 
waters from the Arctic to the Antarctic, and now surrounds the globe with 



[31] 

Ealph Smith & Co., 

Importers and Dealers in 

WINES AND LIQUORS, 

JVo. 30 Exchange Street, 



)if.K-.iK!lTS:} 3i®gs®S3". 



AGENTS FOR THE SALE OF 

Demijohns and Bottles at Manufacturers' Prices. 
GEORGE L. STEAMS. 

MANUFACTUBER OP 

PATENT IMPROVED LEAD PIPE, 

PURE BLOCK TIN PIPE AND SHEET LEAD. 

Also, Dealer in PIG LEAD and BAR LEAD, 

No. 2S WATER STREET (opp. Simmons' Block), BOSTON. 
Madame SOUVERAINE BECKERS'S 

NOUYEAUTES de PARIS, 

NO. 316^ ^VASHINQTON STREET, 

(OVEB. MR. GIBBENS'S), 

iBOiSi'ora'. 



[33] 

-Rooms of tlie Inslitution for the Blind No. 20 Bromfield Street, Boston 



MATTHESSES, 

And Sold Wholesale and Retail as above. 



Chairs cane-seated, Sofas repaired, old Mattresses made over, and Feathers 
purified by Steam at short notice, and in the best manner. 
N. B.— Ship's Cabins furnished witn Bedding at short notice. 

I. W. r JLTTESr, ^gent. 

ALBERT BULLOCK, 

DEALER IN 



m^M 



^ 



Opposite the Mercknt's Hotel, leading from State Street to Market Square, BOSTON. 

N. B.— A well selected stock of very "Choice" Havana and Principe Cigars, 
Fine Cut Tobacco, Factory prices, Cfavendish and all varieties Fine Chewing 
Tobacco, Pipes, Snulfs, Cigar Cases, &c., wholesale and Retail. 

WHITE, LOWELL & CO^ 
No. 785 Washington Street, Boston, 

And Corner of Main and East "Worthington Sts., Springfield, Mass. 

Manufacturers and Dealers in 

"Water Closets, Marble Slabs, Brass Cocks, 

Force Pumps, Bathing Tubs, Lead Pipe, 

Wash Basins, Showrer Baths, Sheet Lead, 

India Rubber Hose, Silver Platea Work, Bath Boilers, &c. 

Orders from the country attended to and work of all description done at short 

F?A.VmTE, R.M.LANE, C.C.WHITE. 

~ R. RICHTBK, 

Importer and Manufacturer of all kinds of 

FANCY FURS, COATS, 

ROSES, OliOVES, <fec.. 

No. 63 Kilby Street, 

BOSTON. 




BOSTON. 33 

a constant procession of the white-winged messengers of peace and plen- 
ty. We may observe, that in the above record we have a picture in little 
of the modern days in some respects. There was a temperance move- 
ment, and there was an election day, and, moreover, there was quackery ; 
but the most noticeable thing is the ordering of the monthly trainings. 

This was the needful preparation for coming events ; the first manifes- 
tation of that military spirit, without which we should have inherited 
colonial submission, instead of national independence. The spirit of our 
fathers, happily, still shows itself in us in this, as in other respects. 

The year of the foundation of the city closed with lamentations. Sev- 
eral persons of distinction died from sickness occasioned by the residence 
in Charlestown. The chief of these victims was Mr. Johnson, the most 
wealthy of the planters, and second to none in ability, piety, and devo- 
tion to the interests of the colony; and his wife, Lady Arabella, daughter 
of the Earl of Lincoln. 

Mr. Johnson has been called the father of Boston, he having persuaded 
the Governor to cross the river. He supplied many persons with the 
means of joining the colony, and bequeathed a portion of his large prop- 
erty (his estates lay in Rutland, Northamptonshire, and Lincolnshire) to 
the company. His lot in Boston was the square bounded byTremont and 
Washington, Court and School Streets, in the southwest corner of which 
he was buried by his own direction, and such was the strong attachment 
he had inspired that people ordered their bodies to be laid near his ; this 
gave rise to the present chapel burial-ground. 

The death of Lady Arabella Johnson appears to have been regarded as 
an irretrievable calamity. She was the pride of the colony ; and among 
several other women of distinction who bravely encountered the perils 
of emigration, she was conspicuous for her devotedness. Her language 
to her husband places her in the class of those great and true characters 
from among whom the master-painter of the world has selected his im- 
mortal portraits. 

'Whithersoever your fatall destinie shall dryve you, eyther by the 
furious waves of the great ocean, or by the many-folde and horrible dan- 
gers of the lande, I wyl surely beare you company. There can no peryll 
chaunce to me so terrible, nor any kinde of death so cruell, that shall 
not be much easier for me to abyde, than to live so farre separate from 
you.' 

A true devoted pilgrim is not weary 
To measure kingdoms with his feeble steps; 
Much less shall she, that hath love's wings to fly ; 
And when the flight is made to one so dear. 

The danger of famine added to the other distresses of the colonists. 
Great suffering on this account was endured between the 24th of Decem- 
ber, when the winter set in, and the 5th of February, 1631, when Captain 



34 HISTORY OP 

Pierce arrived in the ship Lion, laden with provisions, and relieved them 
from their apprehension. 

In this ship came over the wife and children of Governor Winthrop, 
who were received with the first of those public celebrations since be- 
come so frequent, and the Rev. John Eliot. In February, 1631 , occurred the 
first fire. On the 8th of May, 1632, a General Court was held in Boston, 
at which, after reelecting the Governor and Deputy, it was ordered that 
two men should be chosen from each town to confer with the Court of 
Assistants, This order was the first step towards a house of representa- 
tives. In August of this year, the congregation of Mr. Wilson, who 
had returned from England, began the erection of a house for public wor- 
ship, and one for the residence of their pastor ; and in the autumn the 
first separate Congregational church was formed in Charlestown. At the 
same time a house of correction was built; a house for the beadle (the 
sheriff); and a fortification on Fort Hill, then Corn Hill, was carried 
rapidly forward. In these occurrences we witness the energy and decis- 
ion with which our fathers proceeded at once to organize the community, 
and lay the basis of a permanent settlement. 

The original owner of the peninsula, Mr. Blackstone, either preferring 
solitude or having no sympathy with the colonists, removed from Boston, 
having received thirty pounds for his rights in the place. He was an 
eccentric person, and when urged to join one of the churches, declined, 
saying, " I came from England because I did not like the Lord Bishops ; 
but I cannot join with you because I would not be under the Lord Breth- 
ren." His library, which contained one hundred and eighty-six volumes, 
proves him to have been a man of culture, and Mather speaks of him as 
a ' godly Episcopalian.' 

In September, 1633, Mr. Cotton, to the great delight of the people, ar- 
rived from England. 

Trading was begun already, and so well established that Thursday was 
appointed market-day ; the first house of ejitertainment, and the first 
shop, were opened in Boston. We get an idea of the progress of the 
colony from the fact that even at this early period Mr. Cotton thought it 
necessary to preach against luxuries and expensive fashions. Gold and 
silver laces, girdles, hat-bands, embroidered caps, large veils, and large 
sleeves, were specially condemned by the Court ; and a sermon of Mr. 
Cotton, in Salem, led to the entire disuse of veils by the women. This 
indicated the reign not only of comfort, but of luxury. 

The government of the town was placed, from the beginning, in the 
hands of individuals selected for the purpose by vote, but the name of 
Selectmen was not given to them till 1641, 

In May, 1634, the fort was completed, and ordnance was mounted, and 
in the same year the first Beacon was set on the Sentry Hill to give 
notice to the country of any danger. This year was also marked by a 



tssi- 

NATHAN CLARK, 



DEALER IN ALL KINDS OF 



mm, 



No. 98 Court Street (opposite head of Sudbury St.)i 

fresh: BOQUETS on hand at all seasons of the year. 

Greenhouse Grapes, Mourning and Bridal Boquets, Wreaths, Cut Flowers, 

&c., furnished at short notice. 

JOHN SAWYER & CO., 

1Q3 WASHINGTON STREET, 

Importers, Manufacturers & Dealers in every description of 

DAGUERREOTYPE, AMBROTYPE 

AND 

PHOTOGRAPHIC MATERIALS. 

JOHN SAWYER, GEO. S. BRYANT. 

CHAELES H. BRUCE & CO., 

MANUFACTURERS, WHOLESALE AND RETAIL 

DEALERS IN EVERY VARIETY OF 

SEitt^oto ^|ate, Curtain f i:rtiira, 

304 WASHINGTON STREET, 



N. B.— Wire Screens, Store, House, and Office Shades made to order 
at short uotice. 



134] 




HERMAN & CO., 



DEALERS IN 



WOODEN, TIN & BRITANNIA WARES, 

BASKETS, TOYS, AND PANCY GOODS, 

Sleds, Velocipedes, Rocking Horses, 

CHILDBEN'S CARIIIAGES, from $1.75 to $25 each. 

166 WASHINGTON STREET, 
BO STOnST- 

[C?=" Persons desiring any of the above articles are invited to call. 

HOUACE C. ROSE, 

mw]E MM mm ]^Mmm, 

No. 11 Bedford Street, Boston. 

lailT^TIOlKS OF TFOOI> AX© M^RB£.i:. 

All orders promptly executed. 

B. F. DUDLEY, 
x> Xj XT 3VE :b 



wkim m 'KWMm m&immm. 

The Trade furnished with all kinds of Plumbing Materials cheaper than they 

can be bought for elsewhere in Boston, in large or small quantities. 
OS" Good Workmen sent to any part of the city or country to fit up Bathing 
Eooms, Water Closets, Wash Basins, Pumps, Lead Pipe, &c. 

66 HARRISON AVENUE, BOSTON. 



resolution of the General Court, appointing a committee to draw up the 
first body of laws of the colony. 

Ships continued to arrive from the mother country. During one week 
in May, six ships with passengers and cattle anchored in Boston. On 
the 6th of October, 1635, there arrived two other ships; in one of which 
was Mr. Wilson, the pastor of the Boston church, and iu the other the 
famous Henry Vane. The celebrity of the latter, after his return to 
England, during the civil wars and the reign of Cromwell, as well as his 
conduct while here, give interest to that portion of the colonial history 
with which ho was connected. At the lime of his arrival he was only 
twenty-three years of age, but such was his ability, and religious fervor, 
that he soon acquired a controlling influence in the affairs of the colony, 
and in May, 1636, was elected Governor. Ills administration was at first 
very satisfactory and popular, but towards the end of the year the people 
grew weary and discontented. About this time there occurred a schism 
in the church, which was attributed in some degree to the character of 
the Governor. A Mrs. Huichinson, wife of a gentleman of good reputa- 
tion in England, who, after he came to Boston, served several times as a 
Representative of the town in the General Court, established religious 
meetings at her bouse, (in imitation of those held by the men), for the dis- 
cussion of sermons and doctrines. The meetings of the men had hitherto 
excluded the other sex. 

Mrs. Hutchinson's meetings were well attended, and at first were ap- 
proved by the community ; but, as might have been expected, they soon 
resulted in the dissemination of distinctions and dissensions, and the dis- 
turbance of public and private peace. Mrs. Hutchinson only allowed two 
or three of the ministers to be sound men, under the covenant of grace ; 
the rest she condemned aa under the covenant of works. Several new 
tenets were advanced by these enthusiasts ; one of which was that cer- 
tain persons might be favored with immediate revelations of the Divine 
will, which deserved to be regarded as equally sacred with the Scriptures 
themselves. Of course, Mrs. Hutchinson was one of those individuals 
wlio not only might be so distinguished, but actually had enjoyed Divine 
inspiration. Another one of those tenets was the personal union of the 
Holy Ghost with a justified person. It was not long before private dis- 
agreements resolved themselves into open quarrels. On one side of the 
controversy were ranged Mr. Winthrop and Mr. Wilson ; on the other 
Mr. Cotton and Governor Vane. Precisely as in the controversies of the 
present day, differences of opinion engendered pride and angry feelings, 
and these in turn gave rise to bitter criminations that could neither be re- 
called nor forgotten. The most excited of the agitators, then, as now, 
assumed the most unquestionable right of judgment, not of the conduct 
alone, but of the thoughts and motives of their opponents, which they 
naturally found to be wholly censurable; claiming for themselves a 



'36 



HISTORY OF 



special portion, at the same time, of that charity that is not puffed up, 
that thinketh no evil, and, above all, that rejoiceth in the truth. After 
much difficulty, and unprofitable discussion, the church of Boston found 
itself opposed to all the other churches in the country, and ministers and 
magistrates everywhere arrayed against her. Finally the Court, in a 
formal manner, called in the aid of the clergy to assist in the extermina- 
tion of heresy. In the course of the conference growing out of this call, 
Mr. Peters, who seems to have been a man of courage as well as penetra- 
tion, look occasion to remind Governor Vane that before his coming the 
churches were at peace ; he counselled the Governor to remember that 
his own experience was too short to be trusted, and advised him to be- 
ware of the hasty and peremptory conclusions into which he was liable 
to be betrayed by his temper. 

No event in the history of Boston appears to have engaged the pas- 
sions of the people more than this Anlinomian controversy, as it was 
called. At the next election Mr. Vane and his supporters were left entire- 
ly out of office, and the former, having completed the breach of inter- 
course between Governor Winthrop and himself, sailed for England in 
August, 1637. This departure deprived Mrs. Hutchinson, notwithstand- 
ing her revelations, of her chief support. She, however, continued her 
lectures, for which she found ample encouragement in the uproar and 
disturbance they created. A Synod was held at Newtown to purify 
Boston from heresy, which was unanimous in its recommendations of 
restoration to peace, but in vain. The General Court then took up the 
subject; several of the most offensive disturbers of the harmony of 
society were necessarily expelled, for it was now evident that it was their 
determination not to desist from agitation till they had produced a divis- 
ion of the colony. In 1638, on the 22d of March, Mrs. Hutchinson was 
" cast out of the church for impenilently persisting in a manifest lie." 
In the year 1642, she, and her family consisting of sixteen persons, were 
all, with one exception, killed by the Indians in the Dutch country, where 
she had removed. The exception was a daughter, carried into captivity. 

The first military expedition of the colony was fitted out in 1637, 
against the Pequod Indians, which was successful. The Rev. Mr. Wil- 
son accompanied it, as chaplain, with much faith and joy. The year 
after this expedition, the Ancient and Honorable Artillery Company was 
formed, having at first the character of an association for improvement 
in military exercises. 

In 1644, a separation took place between the deputies and magistrates, 
and the two houses sat apart, their proceedings being communicated to 
each other in a parliamentary way. This was the origin of our present 
Senate. The revolution going on in England now arrested the attention 
of the colonial government. The authorities here, acquiesced in the suc- 
cessive changes of government that occurred during the civil wars in 



[35] 

FUMITURE AND CARPET WAREHOUSE. 

A. H. ALLEN, 

Wholesale and Retail Dealer in all kinds of 

rich:, is/iEZDixjitv^n &c lo'w fr,iceid 

Live Geese and Common Feathers, Hair and Common Mat- 
tresses, Bedsteads, Tables, Chairs, Looking-Glasses, Carpets, 
and Upholstery Goods. 
CHABIBER SETS: 
A. large assortment of Rosewood, Black Walnut, Mahogany, Oak and 
Painted Chamber Furniture, of every description. 

AN ELEGANT ASSORTMENT, CONSISTING OF 

?ofas, Divans, Lounges, Easy Chairs, Gothic and Parlor Chairs in Rose- 
wood, Black Walnut, Blahogany and Oak. Also, Marble Top Centre 
and Side Tables, A\^hat-No';s, French Card Tables and Mirrors. 
K great variety of Rich Plushes, Brocatelles. Silk and Worsted Damask, 
Muslin and Lace Curtains, Splendid Cornices, Bands, Silk and 
Worsted Loops, Hair Cloth Moreens, Cotton Damask, &c. &c. 
CARPETS: 
Velvet Tapestry, Brussels and Common Carpets ; Stair, Oil Cloth Carpets, 
Rugs ; Stair Rods ; Wool Mats. 
REFRIGERATORS : 
The largest assortment of Upright and Common Refrigerators in Boston. 
All the above large stock can be sold at 
TWENTY PER CENT. LESS 
than by any other establishment in Boston. 



NE1¥ ENGI.AND 

Furniture and Carpet Warehouse, 

IN CONNECTION WITH 

The Dock Square l¥areliouse, 

WILL BE FOUND THE EXTENSIVE 

CAKPET, FURNITURE, and FEATHER WAREHOUSE, 
Corner Union and Xorth Streets, 

UNDER THE FIRM OF 

ALLEN & LINCOLN, 

■where will be foimd one of the largest varieties of Furniture, Feather 
Beds, Mattresses, Carpets, Mirrors, and the same variety as at Dock 
Square Store, which will be sold at the same extremely low prices as above 

3 & 5 Union St, cor. North St., BOSTON. 



[36] 



L. H. BRADFORD & CO. 



LITHOGMPHEES. 



AND 



331 WASHING-TON STREET, 

TEABERS' HOTEL, 

lodgings and Meals at the most reasonable prices. 

The House being centrally situated to the Market and Business part 

of the city, is especially -worthy of notice of persons from the 

country. 

Board at One Dollar per day. > T "R "ROVnTTlVr 

Good Stable attached to th« House. $ ti . J2i. i5U 1 UihlS . 

GEOEGE NASON, 



DEALER IN 



mm^ mmm ill 

No. 236 Commercial Street. 



^m 



J.iliebi3e ^orieij ^^b Sxcb^oge S^olfcK 



BOSTON. 



England, and in 1644, an order was passed condemning any one who 
should attempt to make a party in favor of the king. Very soon after, a 
great tumult was raised by the seizure of a Bristol ship in the harbor, oy 
the captain of a London ship acting under the authority of a commis- 
sion from the Parliament. This aifair, in which may be discerned the 
first demonstration of the Boston spirit of liberty, and determination to 
maintain its chartered rights, owing to the prudence of the magistratea, 
terminated peaceably. 

" In the beginning of the year 1649, Boston suffered a mournful loss in 
the death of Governor Winthrop. From the first moment of placing his 
foot on the peninsula he had been its firmest friend. Hia resolute perse- 
verance in opposition to Dudley's plan of establishing the capital at Cam- 
bridge, laid the foundation of Boston's greatness, and the endeavors of 
Endicott and his party to obtain the same honor for Salem, were rendered 
unavailing through the wisdom and prudence of Winthrop. He was one 
of the earliest Selectmen, and frequently served on that board. In almost 
every event of any moment we find him bearing part, and except for one 
short period he was an oracle and favorite with the people. Or, as Cotton 
expresses it, he was their friend in all things by his counsel, a help for 
their bodies by physic, and in their estates by law. 

" He was a pattern to the people of that frugality, decency, and tem- 
perance, v/hich were necessary in their circumstances, and even denied 
himself many of the elegancies and superfluities of life, which he had en- 
joyed elsewhere. This he did, both that he might set others a proper ex- 
ample, and be the belter enabled to exercise that liberality in which he 
delighted. His charily indeed was unbounded. He would often send his 
servants on some errand, at meal times, to the houses of his neighbors, 
to see how they were provided with food, and if there was a deficiency 
would supply them from his own table. He mingled with his sterner vir- 
tues a happy portion of well-timed wit." 

His remains were deposited in the family tomb on the north side of the 
chapel burial-ground. His portrait is preserved in the Land-Office at the 
State House. 

The death of Governor Winthrop may be marked as an epoch in the 
history of Boston. 

The population of the town had greatly increased ; the extension of 
trade had led to the construction of wharves and other improvements ; 
the public instruction of youth was instituted; and a regular system of 
police established. 

With regard to the trade, it must excite not a little surprise to learn 
that even as early as this, the surplus produce of the land was sent to 
Virginia, the West Indies, Great Britain, Portugal, Spain, and Madeira; 
in exchange for which were received the fruits, wines, and manufactures 
of those countries. Mr. Hugh Peters is noticed in Winthrop's Journal 



do HISTORY OP 

as laboring with great success to promote the commercial spirit, especial- 
ly in Salem, which owed her first distinction to his counsel. But ag the 
Bostonians of that period were strictly a church-going people, the most 
satisfactory idea of the advance of population will be furnished by the 
dates of the erection of the churches, a few of which may be given in 
chronological order. 

The second meeting-house in the town was built at the head of the 
North Square, in 1649. 

In 1669, a third house of worship was erected on the spot where the 
Old South now stands. 

And by the close of the century (1698), the seventh religious society, 
which was the fourth Congregational or Brattle Street Church, was formed 
in Boston. 

The first important event in the colony that followed the death of 
Governor Winthrop, was the death of Mr. Cotton. His body ' was most 
honorably interred, with a most numerous concourse of people, and the 
most grievous and solemn funeral that was ever known, perhaps, upon 
the American strand ; and the lectures in his church, the whole winter, 
were but so many funeral sermons upon the death and worth of this ex- 
traordinary person.' His memory did not receive so much attention from 
his contemporaries without his deserving it, for in the language of the 
" Old Men's Tears," he was in his life, light, and learning, the brightest 
and most shining star in their firmament. Others of the first settlers 
passed from the active scenes of life about this time ; among them Captain 
Keayne, who died as late as 1656. He was the father of the Great Artil- 
lery ; and is distinguished among the early benefactors of the town, a 
class of public-spirited and benevolent men for which Boston has been 
famous beyond all other places. His will contains bequests to Harvard 
College, to his pastor, to the Artillery Company, to the poor of the 
church, and those of the town, for the foundation of a library, and to the 
free school. 

The year 1653 is rendered memorable by the first grea^ fire. In the year 
1655, Mrs. Ann Hibbins was tried, and in 1656 executed, for Witchcraft. 
Her husband, who died in 1654, was an agent for the colony in England, 
for several years one of the Assistants, and a merchant of note in the 
town. The worst offence of this miserable old lady seems to have been, 
that the loss of property had so soured her disposition as to render her 
odious to her neighbors. This was the third execution for witchcraft in 
New England. 

In 1657-9, the first town-house was built. An examination of the 
Probate records of this period shows that the inhabitants of the town 
were abundantly supplied with the elegancies and luxuries of life, in fur- 
niture, dress, the table, and in servants. 

We have already observed that the people of thia colony sympathized 



[37] 

EDGAR W. BRAY, 



FOR THE SALE OP 

BAR AND PIG IRON, STEEL, &C., 

Dealer in Axles, Springs, Bolts, Nuts and Eivets, 

CAR, MACHINIST AND BLACKSMITH FINDINGS : 
uA-OEISTT FOE, 

Kinsley Iron & Machine Go's Superior Salisbury Bar Iron, 

Car and Tender Wheels, Axles, Locomotive Forgings, Shafting, 

Mill Work, Crow Bars, Drill, Bar, Axle and Sledge Moulds, 

Windlass Necks, Trusses, Castings, &c., &c. 

No. 21 Doane Street, BOSTON. 

492 Washington Street, 

IMPORTERS OF 
AND 

Bates' Genuine Drilled-Eyed Needles. 



10=' CUTLERY REPAIRED AND SHARPENED. 


BENJ. F. RUSSSLIi, 


C. H. HUDSON. 


Stfiol-Kieii ^f\b Coqf|3eilolr 


fiiiol*i()e|j ^nD 0oi(K)selloh 


AT LAW, 
11 SCOLLAY'S BUILDING, 


11 Schollay's Building, 


BOSTOISr. 


TREiyEoisra? ro'W, 


Tremont Bow. 


BOSTON. 



[38] 



BANK & counting-room FURNITURE. 




STEPHEN SMITH, 

51 <fe 53 CoruhlU, ISOSTOISr. 




Double and Single STANDING AND SITTING DESKS, Ship Tables 
Writing Tables, Cloth Tops, Book Cases, Mahogany Arm Chairs, 
Desk Stools, &c. Mahogany Counters made to order 
at short notice. 



BOSTON. 39 

in the revolutionary movementa in England, and notwithstanding that a 
very loyal address was sent out upon the restoration of the monarchy, the 
complaints, long before begun on account of independence of the colony, 
now found an opportunity to make themselves heard. The result of this 
clamor was the appointment, by Charles the Second, of a commission to 
hear and determine all matters in dispute, and to restore peace to the 
country. Four commissioners arrived in July, 1664, with these powers, 
one of whom, Samuel Maverick, Esq., was an implacable enemy of the 
colony. One of them became involved in a quarrel with a constable, by 
the name of Mason, and so unfavorable was their report, that the king de- 
manded that five persons should be sent out to answer for the conduct of 
the colony. This was the apparent beginning of those troubles which 
ended in the Revolution, and of which Boston was the principal theatre. 

In the interval between the next period of disturbance with the mother 
country, and this date, the Baptists, who had suffered fines, whipping, 
imprisonment, and banishment, for their faith's sake, obtained a finally 
permanent footing in Boston, for which they were indebted to the inter- 
ference of the government at home, and not to any liberality on the part 
of the descendants of the original settlers. 

The death of Mr. Wilson, the first pastor of the First Church, occurred 
in 1667. He was in his seventy -ninth year. He left the reputation of an 
able, pious, amiable, and benevolent man. 

In 1675, the Indian war with King Philip broke out, in which Boston 
necessarily took an active part. Several companies of horse and foot 
joined the body of Massachusetts and Plymouth forces, and contributed 
to the success of the campaign. 

One of the Indian chiefs, John Monacho, or one-eyed John, had threat- 
ened to burn down the town ; but he was caught and hung at the town's 
end in September, 1676. In the same year, another great conflagration 
destroyed forty-three dwelling-houses, some other buildings, and a meet- 
ing-house. 

In 1679, the first fire-engine was procured, and the first fire company 
organized, the members of which were then, as now, exempted from 
training. Another terrible fire broke out at midnight, on the 8th of Au- 
gust of this year, and converted the town into a scene of desolation. 
Eighty and more dwelling-houses, above seventy warehouses, and several 
vessels with their cargoes, were consumed. The loss was estimated at 
£ 200,000, and it was supposed to be the work of incendiaries. 

After this calamity, a law was made to prevent the erection of wooden 
buildings, either houses or stores. 

The old house now standing at the corner of Ann Street and Market 
Square, a picture of which we give on the next page, is one of the few 
specimens which remain to us, of the architecture of that time. It was 
built in 1680, soon after this fire. 



40 



HISTORY OP 




" The peaks of the roof remain precisely as they were first erected, the 
frame and external appearance never having been altered. The timber 
used in the building was principally oak, and, where it has been kept dry, 
is perfectly sound and intensely hard. The outside is covered with plas- 
tering, or what is commonly called rough-cast. But instead of pebbles, 
which are generally used at the present day to make a hard surface on 
the mortar, broken glass was used. This glass appears like that of com- 
mon junk bottles, broken into pieces of about half an inch diameter, the 
sharp corners of which penetrate the cement in such a manner, that this 
great lapse of years has had no perceptible effect upon them. The figures 
1680 were impressed into the rough-cast to show the year of its erec- 
tion, and are now perfectly legible. This surface was also variegated with 
ornamental squares, diamonds, and flowers-de-luce. The building is only 
two stories high, and is about thirty-two feet long. and seventeen wide; 
yet tradition informs us that it was once the residence of two respectable 
families, and the front part was at the same time occupied for two shops 
or stores." 

In 1681 , the Council granted an act of incorporation to the projectors 
and proprietors of the old wharves ; one of the principal objects of which, 
so far as the town was interested, was protection against the ships of an 
enemy, that should succeed in passing the Castle. They were never re- 
quired for that purpose, and the profits arising from the undertaking were 
80 small that the wharves were suffered to go to decay, and no trace of 



[39] 

CHAS. E. GOOLIDGE & CO., 

DEALERS IN 



m 



FA.3src"5r o-ooiDS, 

No. 565 1VASHIXGTON STREET, 

(A few doors above Elliot Street.) IL^^K\6\^ K\^^ 

Itotarg f itMir, lustto of i\t ^mu, 

ConYeyancer, Property Agent, Insurance Broker, &c. 

Office of the British Commercial Life Insurance Company, 
London and America, 

No. 5 1-2 JOY'S BUILDING, 2d FLOOR, 

81 Washington Street, ®@^W@Ph 

IMPORTER AND DEALER m 

PAPER HANGINGS, 

NO. 10 CENTRAI. STREET, 

BOSTo:isr- 

J. G. LOCKETT respectfully invites Dealers, Builders and the Public 
generally, to an inspection of his extensive and well assorted stock of 

PAPER HANGINGS, 

Comprising the latest styles of the best European manufacturers, which 
for variety, elegance and cheapness, will be found to surpass anything 
before offered in the United States. 

N. B. Particular attention has been paid to the sizing of these papers, 
BO that the cheapest can be hung without difficulty. 



[40J 

ABRAH T. ENGLISH. ^^ 

3a, 



WHOLESALE AND RETAIL 



PRIIflSIOI DEIIIR, 

193 & 195 Hanover, cor. Cross St., 

BOSTON. 

fork:, XjA-rid, h-a^ivOis, szc 

dealer in 




iiiiiiis iirieiiis, 

Mechanics' Tools, Hardware, Cutlery, &/C., 
528 -v^^^SHiisrca-To^sr st., bostoist. 

Wood Screws, Machine Screws, Cast and Wrought Iron Butts, Back i 

Flaps, Table Hinges, Tacks and Brads, Blind Hinges and Fasts, 

Augers and Auger Bitts, Plane Irons, Bliss's Hand Screws, 

etc., etc., 

At Wholesale and Betail, 

AT THE 

1856. CiUEHCIAl HOISE. 1856. 

No. 5G Causeway Street, Boston. 

Persons travelling either East or West, will find this Hotel more conve- 
nient than any other in the City, as it is but a few rods from the Eastern, 
Boston and Maine, and Fitchburg Railroad Stations. 

Passengers for the East, who arrive by the various lines from New York! 
and the West, will find it to their advantage to put up at the Commer-r 
cial House, as all Baggage is sent to and from the Eastern Railroad Sta- 
tion free of charge. 

Good Porters and Carriages always in attendance. Charge $1,25 per day 
Boston, January, 1856. A. D. PATTEE, Proprietor. 



BOSTON. 41 

them is now to be seen. Those who are curious in such matters, must 
consult one of the old plans, to understand the nature of the project. 

In 16S4, another example was given by the freemen of Boston, of their 
desire and determination to resist to the utmost the attempts to deprive 
them of their charter and privileges, by passing a resolution at a town 
meeting urging the General Court not to submit to a quo warranto issued 
against the charter, which had been brought out by one Edward Ran- 
dolph, a man who had become infamous, and hated by the people as a spy 
upon their liberties. In 1681, this Randolph obtained a commission from 
the crown as collector and surveyor of the port of Boston, and appears 
not to have been permitted to exercise the duties of his office. 

The fall of the old charter was followed by the appearance of Sir 
Edmund Andros, in 1686, with a commission from James the Second, con- 
stituting him Governor of the whole country, and empowering him to 
make laws and raise money, without any assembly, or the consent of the 
people. 

He soon showed himself a worthy instrument of his master, and, in 
1689, on hearing of the accession of William and Mary, the people of 
Boston seized his Excellency and Council, and put them in confinement. 
The old magistrates were reinstated, and, in 1690, by an order from the 
king approving the course adopted, Sir Edmund was sent to England. 
This was another instance of the habitual intolerance of wrong, and re- 
sistance to oppression, always displayed by the Bostonians, and was also 
another act of preparation for the Revolution. 

In 1688-9, the first Episcopal church was built; it was a wooden 
building with a steeple, and stood on the ground occupied by the present 
stone chapel. 

In 1694, the Quakers were relieved from persecution so far as to 
venture upon the construction, in Brattle Street, of a place of worship. 
Ab6ut the same time the French Protestant church was embodied. These 
events are mentioned as illustrations of the increase of population, and 
of the gradual introduction of new people, and consequent growth in 
liberality and religious toleration. 

The Eighteenth Century. 

From the arrival of Sir William Phips, in 1692, as the first Governor 
under the new charter, to the period of the conquest of Canada, the 
colony, and with it the capital, seems to have enjoyed during the greater 
part of the time, a respite from the vexatious troubles that had hitherto 
marked the intercourse with the home government. One or two events 
happened, to show that the spirit and love of independence of the Bos- 
tonians had not altered. But the most interesting incidents during this in- 
terval of sixty-five or seventy years, are those of peaceful progress, only 
interrupted by those devastating fires which were the peculiar evil of the 



42 HISTORY OF 

town. One of these great misfortunes, the sixth in number, occurred on 
the 30th of June, 1691 ; and the seventh in March, 1702. Another great 
fire, more fatal than the preceding, in 1711, laid in ruins all the houses 
on both sides of Cornhill, from School Street to Dock Square. 

In 1704, the first newspaper, published in the English colonies in North 
America, appeared in Boston. It was printed on half a sheet of pot paper, 
with small pica type, folio, and was entitled, — 

"N. 3S, l^uml). 1. 

The Boston News-Letter. 



39uljlis!)etr hs ^utljorit^. 



From iRXontiaj, April 17, to l^ontiaj, April 24, 1704. 

The year 1706 is rendered for ever memorable in the annals of Boston, 
as the date of the birth of Benjamin Franklin. 

In 1710, a post-ofiice was established, and a mail ran to Plymouth and 
Maine once a week, and to New York once a fortnight. 

An evidence of the great increase of commerce is afforded by the law 
passed in 1715, directing the erection of a lighthouse on the southern- 
most part of the Great Brewster Island. For the evidence of the rapid 
augmentation of the number of inhabitants, we shall resort again to the 
multiplication of the churches. 

The society of the new North Church was formed in 1712, and the 
meeting-house dedicated in 1714 The formation of the new South 
Church and society originated in the year following. 

In 1721, the new brick church, as it was called, was dedicated. After 
these, followed the second Episcopal Christ Church, in 1723 ; the Federal 
Street Church in 1729 ; the HoUis Street Church in 1732, the year of its 
completion and dedication; the Trinity Church in 1734; and between 
this period and 1748, were gathered the ninth, tenth, and eleventh Con- 
gregational churches. For all historical details of interest concerning the 
different churches, the reader is referred to a subsequent portion of the 
work. The dates of their foundation are inserted in this place, as one of 
the most accurate and accessible means of arriving at an estimate of the 
population of the town in its steady advancement. 

On December 21, 1719, the second newspaper published in Bosion made 
its appearance, under the title of the Boston Gazette; and the third 
newspaper, called the New England Courant, came out on August 17, 
1721 ; both of them were printed, and the latter published, also, by James 
Franklin. In the Courant appeared the early anonymous pieces of Ben- 
jamin Franklin, which were the first public displays of an intellect that 



CUTTER, TOURER & CO., 

(Formerly C. A. Haskins & Co.) 
Maniifacturers and Dealers in 

Superior Gold &/ Steel Pens, Drawing &/ 
Carpenters' Pencils, Blank Books 

and Stationery, Seals & Embossing Presses 
Nos. 17 So 19 Cornhill, BOSTON. ' 

kJ. M. Cutter. L. L. Tower. S. A. Tower. 
General Agents for American Machine 
STAMP CO. 

This machine 
stamp possesses su- 
p e r i o r advantages 
over all others now 
in use, in the follow- 
ing particulars. 

1st. It is always 
ready for use, being 
compact, the mking 




md stamping pads being combined. 
The impression can be put on 
he exact spot desired. 

Railroad and Banking Corporations, 
Jrokers, Insurance Companies, Post 
Masters, in fact, all mercantile and 
pusiness men will find this stamp in- 
raluable for marking Notes, Checks, 
[!ards. Letters, Wrapping Paper, 
Tickets, &c., &e. 




TriI.I.IAM EEACH, M, D., 

No. 61 Warren Street, BOSTON. 

Office Hours, \ ^'^i? » *''i' o'^i^^pKi,^- ^• 
• i and from 2 to 5 P. M. 

[C7^ The subscriber, in connection with general practice, gives special 
attention to the examination and treatment of diseases of the Throat and 
Lungs. OfBce hours from 2 until 4 P. M. No. 61 Warren street, Boston. 

WILLIAM LEACH, M. D. 

FRANCIS N. MITCHELL, 

SE^^Ij E3Sra-I^.A.-VER^ 

AND DIE SINKER, 

5 TKEMONT STREET, 



143] 

iTSil PEIMf IMS SOTAilKIlSNT . 

WILLIAM H. RAND, 

mm, mm a dm \?m\m^. 

No. 5 Washington Street, 

(COENEB, DOCK SQUARE,) 

BOSTonsr. 

JOHN S¥OEDS. 

CARRIAGE WAREHOUSE, 

Keeps constantly on hand and for sale a large assortment of 

CARRIAGES, SLEIGHS, HARNESSES, &c. 

Gould, Keifer &/ Co.'s Celebrated Coaches, of Bridgeport, Conn.] 
No. 75 Haveiliill Street, BOSTON. 

WM. A. JOSLIN, 



COMBS REPAIRED AND MADE TO ORDER, 

Old Combs altered to New Styles. 

India Rubber Combs constantly for sale. 

113 Washington Street, Boston. 



\ NEW ENGLAND 

FEMALE MEDICAL COLLEGE. 
XiOO-A.TEi:> insr bostokt- 

This Institution was opened in 1848, and incorporated in 1850. It haf' 
fiix professorships, and the same course of education as in the other Med- 
ical Colleges in the country. Its annual term commences on the fire 
Wednesday of November, and continues four months. 

Tuition fees S5 to each of the six Professors, and the Demonstra-i 
tion— $36 in all. The Massachusetts Legislature, in 1854, established 8; 
number of free scholarships, for pupils of this State. 

Further particulars can be had of the subscriber. 

SAMU£JL OREOORir, Sec. 
N. E. Fern. Med. College, 274 Washington St., Boston, MaMi| 



BOSTON. 43 

was destined to confer immortal benefits upon the native land of its pos- 
sessor, and to gratify and enlighten the world. 

We have omitted to mention in chronological order the construction of 
Long Wharf in 1709 - 10, an interesting event in the commercial history 
of the town. On the 24th of February, a great tide occurred, which is 
described, as follows, by Cotton Mather : — 

" It rose two feet higher than ever had been known unto the country, 
and the city of Boston particularly suffered from it incredible mischiefs 
and losses. It rose two or three feet above the famous Long Wharf, and 
flowed over the other wharves and streets, to so surprising an height, that 
we could sail in boats from the Southern battery to the rise of ground in 
King Street, and from thence to the rise of ground ascending toward the 
North meeting-house. It filled all the cellars, and filled the floors of the 
lower rooms in the houses and warehouses in town." 

The fourth newspaper, styled the New England Weekly Journal, ap- 
peared in March, 1727 ; this also was printed on a half sheet of foolscap 
size, folio. 

In the year 1740, the arrival of the celebrated George Whitefield dis- 
turbed the state of general quiet, which the religious community of Bos- 
ton had enjoyed for fifty years. His powerful preaching revived that 
strictness of principle and zeal in practice for which the first comers were 
so prominently distinguished. It is said that more than twenty-three 
thousand persons listened to his farewell sermon on the Common. Vari- 
ous opinions were expressed as to the good accomplished by his visit, 
though there is no doubt of the strength and permanency of the impres- 
sion. In the same year, Peter Faneuil proposed to present the town with 
a structure, to be undertaken and completed at his own expense, for a 
market. The proposal being accepted, it was finished in 1742, and pre- 
sented to the selectment. At a town meeting in July, a committee was 
appointed " to wait upon Peter Faneuil, and in the name of the town to 
render him their most hearty thanks for so bountiful a gift, with their 
prayers, that this and other expressions of his bounty and charity may 
be abundantly recompensed with the divine blessing." It was also voted 
to call the hall over the market, " Faneuil Hall," in honor of the donor, 
who has thus acquired a world-wide celebrity. Faneuil's death took 
place in 1743, and a funeral oration, the first oration ever heard within 
those walls, destined to echo to the soul-stirring eloquence of so many 
future heroes, statesmen, and orators, was delivered on this occasion. 

In 1747, the old hall was burned, and in the year following repaired 
and rebuilt, somewhat on its present much enlarged and improved plan. 
A serious tumult was occasioned the same year, by the impressment of 
some seamen and mechanics by an English squadron lying in the harbor. 
The house of Governor Shirly was attacked, and the mob determined to 
seize and detain the naval officers who were in it. Captain Erskine, of 

8 



44 HISTORY OP 

the Canterbury, and several inferior officers, were secured. The squadron 
was commanded by Commodore Knowles, who afterwards forsook the 
service of his country, and entered into that of the Empress of Russia. 
Notwithstanding the Governor's remonstrances, and representations of the 
confusion and indignation caused by this outrage, the Commodore refused 
all terms of accommodation, and even threatened to bombard the town if 
the officers were not set at liberty. His discretion, or his instinct, per- 
haps, seems to have persuaded him to better counsels. The military 
were called out, and serious consequences were apprehended, when, upon 
the interference of the General Court, which was in session at the time, 
and the condemnation in town meeting of the riot, as well as of the act 
of impressment that had given rise to it, the difficulty was reconciled, 
and most, if not all, of the persons impressed were dismissed. 

A most calamitous fare occurred on the 20lh of March, 1759, the loss in 
which was estimated at £, 71,000 ; and another in the month of January, 
1761, causing great damage. The weather was so intensely cpld that the 
harbor was frozen over for several days. The interior of Faneuil Hall 
Market was again consumed, but the walls were left standing. It was 
immediately repaired, the General Court granting a lottery for that pur- 
pose. 

We have now arrived at that period of our history, not only the most 
eventful for the city of Boston, but also for the nation and for mankind. 
Between the years 1760 and 1776, were enacted those important scenes, 
which preceded and attended the first steps of the Revolution. 

Boston was the principal theatre of these scenes. Immediately after 
the conquest of Canada in 1759, the home government seemed to be in- 
spired with a blind and headlong spirit of hostility towards the English 
colonies in North America. It is easy to conceive that this spirit had 
its immediate exciting cause in the difference between the political condi- 
tion of the Canadas themselves, and that of the ancient colonies. The 
former were subject provinces, the conquests of war; the latter were in- 
dependent States, accustomed to recognize no other government than 
their own. The humiliation of the former must have exhibited the pride 
of freedom in the latter in a striking contrast ; but, at the same time that 
we look to this as an immediate provocation, we must not forget that a 
party had always existed from the year 1692, which opposed submission 
to the present charter, and encouraged, by word and deed, a resolute op- 
position to every seeming act of encroachment upon the privileges con- 
ferred by the first patent. Indeed, as far back as the year 1676, one hun- 
dred years before the Declaration of Independence, the Court of the 
colony had distinctly announced the fundamental principle of the Revo- 
lution ; that taxation witliout representation was an invasion of the 
rights, liberties, and property of the subjects of his Majesty. When, 
therefore, at the later period in question, the government of Great Britain 



[4:3] 

B. W. SEVERANCE & CO., 

WHOLESALE AND RETAIL DEALERS IN 




CAEPETS, 

Jlecj^nf f^kkb Gi)qli)beir §ef3, 



UPHOLSTERY GOODS, 



ITwijkmg-ifasses anlrllates, 




ALSO, 



PAINTED 

WINDOW 

AND IIXTURES. 
Nos. 124 and 126 Hanover St., 



B. W. SEVERANCE. 



[44] 

WEEKS & POTTER, 

154 Wasliington. St., Boston^ 

IMPORTERS AND DEALERS IN 

DRUGS, CHEMICAL.S, EXTRACTS, 

Essences, Oils, &c,, &c. 

In connection with the above, we are constantly supplied with a pure article of 

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and should be happy to supply the trade at the lowest market prices. 
Also, we manufacture 

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WE ALSO IMPORT DIRECT 

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WE DEAL LARGELY IN 

PATENT MEDICINES, 

of which we always have on hand a full assortment. Orders respectfully 
solicited. Terms liberal. 



BOSTON. 45 

renewed its attacks, it encountered the resistance, not prompted by sud- 
den excitement, but proceeding from a sedate conviction of duty and 
honor, matured through several generations of men. Ignorant or regard- 
less of this, it formed plans for changing their forms of government, 
crippling their trade, and raising revenue by means of taxes laid by Par- 
I liament without the consent of the people. Without attempting any 
connected history of the measures by which these objects were to be 
accomplished, it is necessary to refer to them occasionally, in order to 
explain the events we are about to record. 

The order from the Board of Trade, for application for Writs of Assist- 
ance, was, as is well known, the first of these measures. Between that 
time and the passage of the Stamp Act, in 1765, ample time was afforded 
to prepare the minds of the people for coming events; and that time was 
well improved. Brave and eloquent leaders were not wanting to direct, 
nor willing and fearless followers to pursue, the course to which freedom 
pointed. 

The appointment of Andrew Oliver, as distributor of stamps for Mass- 
achusetts, occasioned the first popular outbreak of passion proceeding 
from the love of liberty. An effigy of Mr. Oliver and a boot (the emblem 
of Lord Bute) with the devil peeping out of it, having the Stamp Act in 
his hand, besides various other satirical emblems, were found, at break of 
day, hanging on a large elm tree, at the head of Essex Street, opposite 
Boylston Market. The Lieutenant-Governor directed the Sheriff to have 
the effigy removed ; but his officers reported that it could not be done, 
without peril of their lives. The excitement continued all day. A build- 
ing, intended, as was supposed, for a stamp office, was entirely demol- 
ished. At eleven o'clock at night, the Lieutenant-Governor and Sheriff 
ventured to approach the people, to persuade them to disperse, and were 
received with a volley of stones. The next day the violence was re- 
newed ; the houses of Mr. Storey, Register Deputy of the Admiralty, 
and of Mr. Hallowell, Controller of the Customs, were attacked and in- 
jured. This is the origin of the " Liberty Tree," so dear to every true 
Bostonian. 

The house of the Lieutenant-Governor was also attacked. Every thing 
movable was destroyed in a most minute manner, except such things of 
value as were worth carrying off; among which were £, 1,000 sterling in 
specie, besides a great quantity of family plate, &c. An attempt was 
made to destroy the house. The next day the streets wefe found scat- 
tered with money, plate, gold rings, &c. The respectable part of the 
community, however, were as far from justifying these outrages as they 
were strenuous to oppose the imposition of internal taxes by the authori- 
ty of Parliament. A town-meeting was held the next day, at which the 
citizens expressed their detestation of the violent proceedings of the past 
night, and unanimously voted, that the Selectmen and Magistrates be 



8* 



4b HISTORY OP 

desired to use their utmost endeavors to suppress such disorders for the 
future. Another demonstration of the public feeling followed upon the 
arrival of a quantity of the stamps in the month of September. This 
occurred on the day on which the Stamp Act was to take effect. 

An account of the proceedings of the 1st and 5th of November is to be 
found in the Massachusetts Gazette, from which it appears that several 
obnoxious persons were burnt in effigy in company with figures of the 
pope, the devil, and other effigies of tyranny, oppression, and slavery. 
The whole affair was conducted with great spirit, but without violence. 

In the early part of December, Mr. Oliver was compelled by the Sons 
of Liberty, as they styled themselves, to appear under the Liberty Tree, 
and, in the presence of the Selectmen, merchants, and principal inhabi- 
tants of the town, to make a public resignation, unreserved and un- 
qualified, of his office of Distributor of Stamps. The Liberty Tree be- 
came a sort of idol with the people. On the 14th of February, 1766, it 
was pruned after the best manner, agreeably to a vote, — passed by the 
true born Sons of liiberty, — so that the tree became a great ornament to 
the street. This tree stood at the corner of Essex Street, opposite the 
Boylston Market, and was cut down by the British soldiers while they had 
possession of the city, in the winter of 1775-76, and converted into fuel. 

The 20th of February, being the day fixed for burning one of the Stamp 
Papers in the principal towns in every colony, this ceremony was con- 
ducted in Boston with great decency and good order, and the effigies of 
Bute and Grenville, in full court dress, were added to the bonfire. On 
the 24lh, a vessel arrived from Jamaica with stamp clearances. The 
Sons of Liberty directed one of their number 'to go and demand in 
their name those marks of Creole slavery.' Upon being received they 
were exposed at the stocks upon a pole, and finally burnt in the centre 
of King (now State) Street. While the smoke was ascending, the execu- 
tioner said in a loud voice, ' Behold the smoke ascends to heaven, to wit- 
ness between the isle of Britain and an injured people!' Three cheers 
were given, and the street was cleared in a few minutes without disorder. 
We find in the Boston Gazette of March 17th, the determination ex- 
pressed to spill the last drop of blood, if necessity should require, rather 
than live to see the Stamp Act in operation in America. This is the first 
intimation of the possibility of an appeal to arms. When information 
of the repeal of the Stamp Act reached Boston, on the 16th of May, the 
inhabitants were as loud and active in the demonstrations of their joy as 
they had been before of their resentment. The bells were rung, and the 
cannon was fired under the Liberty Tree, and in other parts of the town. 
The 19th was appointed for a day of general rejoicing. Such was the 
ardor of the people that the bell of Dr. Byles's church, the nearest to the 
Liberty Tree, was rung at one o'clock in the morning, and soon answered 
by the other bells of the city. The drums beat and guns were fired ; the 



[45] 

JAMES a. ELAKE, 

MANUFACTURER OP AND DEALER IN 

OOTT-A-O-E FTJI^nsriTTJPtE, 
Looking-Glasses, Curled Hair, Matresses, Feathers, &c. 

IMPORTER OF 

Upholstery, Plushes, Damasks, Hair Seating, &c. 

Nos. 12 to 24 CORNHILI., 

The undersigned would give notice that he is prepared to receive and 
execute with promptness, all orders for CABINET FURNITURE, as here- 
tofore, (having completed his new arrangements since the fire at his 
Factory in Camhridgeport,) and would assure those who wish to obtain 
the most fashionable articles of Household Furniture, and at reasonable 
rates, that they will find the styles and prices satisfactory. 

This department is under the superintendence of Mons. A. ELIAERS, 
(formerly of Paris,) who has had much experience in the manufacturing 
of ELEGA^T Furniture, and who will give faithful attention to all orders 
entrusted to his care. 

Constantly in the Ware-rooms, for sale, every description of Furniture 
requisite for furnishing dwelling houses, tvhich the public are invited to 
examine. 

MIRRORS. In this department purchasers will find every size and 
style of Looking-Glasses, and at the lowest prices. 

FRENCH SILVERED PLATES, very white and pure, of all sizes, al- 
ways on hand. 

LADIES' TRIMMINGS made to order. Miss MARY ANN TUCKER, 
formerly with Messrs. Lawson & Harrington, will receive orders for 
Ladies' Trimmings, as heretofore. 

The UPHOLSTERY department contains the most fashionable styles 
of Decorative Goods, and is constantly replenished with new importa- 
tions. 

Upholstery Work, in all its branches, promptly attended to. Pure 
Curled Hair Mattresses and Feather Beds, always in store. Live Geese 
Feathers, by the pound, as wanted. 

Mr. GEORGE T. BLAKE, who has had many years' experience, has 
charge of the general arrangements of the business, and our patrons will 
find him prompt in attending to their orders. 

Nos. 12 to 24 COKNHILL, BOSTON", first door on 
the left from "Washington Street. 

JA1«I£S O. BL.AKE. 

Boston, March, 1856. 



[4:6] 

WILLIAM E. ABBOTT, 

225 TFASHINGTON STREET, 

OPPOSITE FRANKLIN STREET, 

DEALER IN 

FINE CUTLERY, STATIONEEY, 

AND ALL DESIRABLE 

ARTICLES POU THE TOILET, 

Constantly on hand a complete assortment of the above articles, to 
which are added, by every arrival, all Novelties of English, French, Ger- 
man, and India Manufacture, and will be sold at prices that will compare 
most favorably with any other similar establishment in this country. 

~ J. M. READ'S RAJVOE, 

Tliere are four sizes of J. M. READ'S RAIVGE, 
Prices froni $30 to $40. 

When used exclusively 
for Hard Coal, during the 
whole of the year, they 
consume from three to 
four tons of Coal, de- 
pending on the size of the 
Eange and family, but 
more particularly on the 
Coolc than either ; have 
all tlie improvements of 
Kanges set in brick, for 
ventilating the room from 
steam, for heating Oven, 
and adjoining Rooms, and 
HotWater Backs, for Bath 
Boilers. At tlie same 
time, they can be set up 
and removed almost as 
easily as a common Cook- 
ing Stove. 

Warranted to work well 
with Wood, and every 
variety of Hard Coal. 

NEW ERA 

is a NEW STYLE of 
COOKIXO AJVI> PA.iei.OR STOVE coiiiBilyx:!). 

Operating on the same principle as Read's Celebrated Range. 
For sale at Xo. 31 Union Street, Boston. 




BOSTON. 47 

Liberty Tree was decorated with flags, and colors were displayed from 
the houses. In the evening the town was illuminated, and fireworks 
were let off in every direction, especially on the Common. Appropriate 
sermons were preached from several pulpits on succeeding days. 

The accidental arrival of a detachment of Royal Artillery, served, in 
addition to the angry and offensive language of the British government 
and its officers here, to keep up the public excitement in Boston, until the 
passage of the bill imposing duties on tea, &c., and the act changing the 
administration of the customs in America. Consequent upon these, a 
town-meeting was held on the 28th of October, at which the illustrious 
Otis was chosen Moderator. At this meeting an address was read re- 
commending economy and manufactures ; and the town took into con- 
sideration the petition of a number of the inhabitants, ' that some effec- 
tual measures might be agreed upon to promote industry, economy, and 
manufactures,' thereby to prevent the unnecessary importation of Euro- 
pean commodities which threatened the country with poverty and ruin. 

" Messrs. John Rowe, Wm. Greenleaf, Melatiah Bourne, Sam'l Aus- 
tin, Edto. Payne, Edm. GLuincy, tertius, John Ruddock, Jona. Wil- 
lianis, Josh. Henshaw, Hend. Inches, Solo, Davis, Joshua Winslow, 
and Thos. Cushing, were appointed a committee to prepare a subscrip- 
tion paper, for the above object. Accordingly, they brought forward a 
form, in which the signers agree ' to encourage the use and consumption 
of all articles manufactured in any of the British Amer. colonies and 
more especially in this province, and not to purchase, after the 31st of 
Dec. next, any of certain enumerated articles, imported from abroad ; 
and also strictly to adhere to the late regulation respecting funerals, and 
not to use any gloves, but what are manufactured here, nor procure any 
new garments upon such an occasion, but what shall be absolutely neces- 
sary.' Copies of these articles were directed to every town in this prov- 
ince, and to all the other principal towns in America, where they were 
generally approved and adopted." 

Difficulties which occurred between the crew of his Majesty's ship 
Romney, and several town-meetings, from which emanated remonstrances 
to the Governor, and resolutions to avoid, £is far as possible, importations 
from Great Britain, supplied General Gage with the desired pretext for 
sending regular troops to Boston. When this intention was known, 
another town-meeting was held, which was opened with prayer by the 
Rev. Samuel Cooper. A committee was appointed to wait upon his Ex- 
cellency, and request him to communicate the reasons for the troops being 
ordered here, and also to ask him to issue precepts for the General As- 
sembly. The refusal of the Governor to comply with the latter request, 
led to the first State Convention ; the idea of which originated in Boston. 

On Friday, September 30th, 1768, the British troops landed at Long 
Wharf. The Town-House and Faneuil Hall were converted into tempo- 



48 HISTORY OP 

rary barracks, and Boston become a garrisoned place. About this lime, 
two hundred families in town had agreed to abstain entirely from the use 
of tea. Other towns, and the students of Harvard College, followed the 
example. All amusements were given up, the British officers attempted 
to get up assemblies, but were unable to secure the presence of any ladies 
out of their own families. The women of Boston refused to join in 
fashionable gayeties while their country was in mourning. 

On the night of the 30th of January, 1769, a fire broke out in the jail, 
from which the prisoners were rescued with difficulty. In the morning, 
the walls alone v/ere standing. At this fire, the city and soldiers were 
seen acting in harmony for the last time. At the time of the annual 
election for Rep -asentatives, the Selectmen requested General Mackay, 
the commander of the troops, to remove them from the town, which 
being refused, the town met, and entered upon their records a declaration 
of their right, and a protest against being compelled to proceed to election 
under such circumstances. Disputes between the people and the servants 
of the crown now became frequent, but nothing produced greater excite- 
ment than an attack upon Mr. Otis by a number of army, navy, and 
revenue officers at the British Coffee House. In October the town pub- 
lished an appeal to the World, or vindication of Boston, from the asper- 
sions of Bernard and others. In January, 1770, the merchants renewed 
their agreement not to import British goods. At one of the several meet- 
ings held in Faneuil Hall, in connection with this subject, Lieutenant- 
Governor Hutchinson sent a message directing the meeting to disperse. 
After a calm consideration of the message, it was unanimously voted to 
proceed. 

Hitherto the altercations between the people and those in authority, 
had been limited to angry words and language of defiance ; but now the 
union for liberty was to be cemented by blood. The first victim was a 
boy of eleven years of age, named Christopher Snyder. He was killed i 
by one Ebenezer Richardson, known as the informer, who had created a 
riot by attempting to pull down a pole on the top of which the faces of ( 
several importers were carved. He was killed on the 23d of February, 
and buried on the 26th. All the friends of liberty were invited to attend 
the funeral of this little hero and first martyr to the noble cause! The 
corpse was set down under the Tree of Liberty. The coffin bore several 
inscriptions. On the foot, " Latat anguis in herba " ; on each side, 
" Heeret lateri lethalis arundo " ; aad on the head, " Innocentia nusquam 
tuta." Four or five hundred school-boys preceded the body; six of the 
child's playfellows bore the pall. After the relatives, followed a train of 
thirteen hundred inhabitants on foot, and the procession was closed by 
thirty chariots and chaises. A week after this event, the Boston mas- 
sacre occurred. It originated in an attempt of three or four young men 
to force a passage by a sentinel, in which one of them received a slight 



DREW & COFFIN, 

OFFICE ROOMS 

I No. 270 "Wasliiagton Street, No. 365 Washington Street, 

p. Si Door So. of Avon Place. 3d Boor No. of the Adams Bouse. 

[' GEO. H. DREW. A. K. COFFIN. 

shotog.b.ai?h:s, i?x,Aiscr ok GOi.ODaEi). 
j Daguerreotypes on Plate or Glass, taken in the best manner. 

i^- Particular attention given to copying Photographs, Daguerreotypes, 
Engravings, and, Paintings. ,eo 

WILLIAM iL. SMITH, 



STENCIL AND STEEL LETTER CUTTER, 

Also, small Stencil Dies, Steel and Iron Stamps, Stencil Plates, Seals, 
and Embossing Presses, made to order. 

IC/^ All Orders from City or Country promptly attended to. ,„^ 

No. 89 Washington St....Up Stairs, 

B o s T o 3sr - 

IsJIODSTE^ST TO LO-Au3Sr. 




G. K. GOODWIN, 

m 



10 SALEM STREET, BOSTON. 

On hand, a large lot of unredeemed Watches for sale at half the 
original cost. 



[481 



EBENEZER NICKERSON & CO., 



WHOLESALE AND RETAIL 




FISH DEALERS, 

No. 7 Commerce Street, and 35 City Wliarf, 
QUINCY MARKET BLOCK, 

BOSTONo 



[49] 



I 




E. 3>Tici5:EPtso:isr, 

60 TEARS IN THE FISH BUSINESS. 

Ebenezer Nickerson, the original of the ahove sketch, •was horn in 
ProvincetowD, Mass., August 17, 1768, and died in Waltham, October 
21, 1855, aged eighty-seven years and two mouths. 

For more than fifty years he was engaged in mercantile business in this 
city, and was pointed out as one of its marked characters. Probably 
few private citizens have ever been more generally known, or more 
universally respected throughout New England. Hundreds of persons, 
in each of its country villages, will recognize his features vrith 
pleasure. He was the first in this city to make the trade in dry and 
pickled fish an exclusive business, and for many years he carried it on 
without competition. In those days the sales were quite limited, on ac- 
count of the difiBculty and expense of transporting so bulky an article. 
The opening of railroads gave a sudden impulse to the trade, and started 
9 



[50] 
up numerous competitions. Our subject, however, by a long life of 
strict integrity, scrupulous honesty, and candid truthfulness, had se- 
cured the unbounded confidence and even affection of a verv numerous 
body of customers. As a natural consequence, the house he established 
has always transacted a large proportion of the business done intheir line 
in Boston, with profit to themselves, and satisfaction to their customers. 
Indeed it is no uncommon occurrence for them to receive the visits of 
friends who say they have bought goods of the house for forty years, 
and never at any other. 

Until within the past five years the senior member continued to de- 
vote his whole time and attention to the business. During the period 
named, it has been continued by his sons with increased facilities, and 
they now carry it on under the old firm and style. 

AMBROTYPE GALLERY, 

123 Washington Street, BOSTON. 

The "AMBROTYPE," (unchanging, &c.,) is taken upon 
fine plate glass ; an indestructible cement is then poured upon 
the picture, and another plate of glass pressed upon it. The 
cement soon hardens, and the two plates become in effect one, 
with the picture in the centre, as permanent as the glass itself, 
and will remain unchanged for ages. They can be taken in 
one quarter the time of Daguerreotypes, and of any size 
They are not reversed ; can be seen in any light : hence are 
very suitable for frames, lockets, and pins. Daguerreotypes 
can be copied in this permanent style, either larger or smaller 
than the originals. 

RIGHTS FOR SALS, 

And instructions given, in 

Catting's Patent Amkotype and Mezzograph Process. 



BOSTON. 49 

wound. This encounter soon attracted a crowd, a part of which threat- 
ened an attack upon the sentinel at the Custom-House. On the alarm 
being given, a sergeant and six men were sent to his support; and the 
commander of the guard, Captain Thomas Preston, upon being informed 
of this, followed to prevent mischief. By this time the bells were rung, 
and people collected from all quarters. The soldiers were soon surrounded 
by men armed with clubs, and pressing close upon them, while those at a 
distance threw sticks of wood, snowballs, and pieces of ice at them. 
The crowd defied them to fire. Finally, thinking the order was given, 
they fired in succession from right to left. Three citizens were killed 
instantly, two received mortal wounds, and several were more or less in- 
jured. Upon this, the mob increased to the number of four or five thou- 
sand, and most of the troops were called out, or got under arms. Several 
officers were knocked down by the mob, and one very much injured. It 
was with difficulty that the Lieutenant-Governor, at the head of the 29th 
Regiment, persuaded the people to retire. A body of a hundred men, 
composed of some of the most distinguished inhabitants, remained and 
organized themselves into a Citizen's Guard. Captain Preston surren- 
dered himself, and was committed to prison that night. The eight soldiers 
were committed the next day. At eleven o'clock in the morning of the 
next day, a town-meeting was held, and a committee was appointed to 
wait on the Lieutenant-Governor and Colonel Dalrymple, to express to 
them the opinion of the town, that it was impossible for the soldiers and 
inhabitants to live in safety together, and to urge the immediate removal 
of the former. The answer to this application not being satisfactory, the 
committee were sent back to the Lieutenant-Governor, armed with a 
more urgent remonstrance. After some cavils, the Lieutenant-Governor 
offered to remove one of the regiments, when Samuel Adams promptly 
replied, " If the Lieutenant-Governor, or Colonel Dalrymple, or both to- 
gether, have authority to remove one regiment, they have authority to 
remove two ; and nothing short of a total evacuation of the town by all 
the regular troops, will satisfy the public mind and preserve the peace of 
the province." Hutchinson, by the advice of the Council, complied with 
this demand, and both regiments were removed to the Castle in less than 
fourteen days. The funeral solemnities which followed the massacre 
brought together a great concourse of people. The four bodies were de- 
posited in one grave. Wilmot, charged with the murder of Snyder, was 
acquitted ; Richardson was brought in guilty, but was ultimately par- 
doned by the king. About this time an attempt was made to smuggle in 
some tea, in a cargo from London, but the owners were forced to send it 
back, the traders and people adhering in good faith to their agreement, not 
to import or use imported goods. The trial of Captain Preston com- 
menced in October. He was defended with masterly ability by John 
Adams and Josiah Quincy, Jr., Esq., who, to use the words of Tudor, " in 



50 HISTORY OP 

SO doing, gave a proof of that elevated genuine courage, wiiicii ennobles hu- 
man nature. For leaders on the patriotic side, the attempt, while the pub- 
lic were in a state of such high exasperation, to defend an officer who was 
accused of murdering their fellow-citizens, required an effort of no ordi- 
nary mind : it was made successfully, and will ever hold a distinguished 
rank among those causes that adorn the profession of the law; in which 
a magnanimous, fearless advocate boldly espouses the side of the unfor- 
tunate, against the passions of the people, and hazards his own safety or 
fortune in the exertion." Captain Preston was acquitted, as were also 
six of the soldiers. A verdict of manslaughter was brought against the 
other two, who were slightly branded and discharged. The anniversary 
of the Boston massacre was commemorated the following year, and the 
first of the " Boston Orations " waa delivered by Master James Lovell. 
In November, 1772, the following proceedings took place at a town- 
meeting : — 

" It was then moved by Mr. Samuel Adams, that a Committee of Cor- 
respondence be appointed, to consist of twenty-one persons, — to state the 
Right of these Colonists, and of this Province in particular, as men, as 
Christians, and as subjects : to communicate and publish the same to the 
several towns in this province and to the world, as the sense of this town, 
with the infringements and violations thereof, that have been, or from 
time to time may be, made. Also requesting of each town a free com- 
munication of their sentiments on this subject; and the question being 
accordingly put, passed in the affirmative, nem. con. 

" Also voted, that James Otis, S. Adams, Joseph Warren, Dr. B. Church, 
Wm. Dennie, Wm. Greenleaf, Jos. Greenleaf, Thomas Young, Wm. Pow- 
ell, Nath. Appleton, Oliver Wendell, John Sweetser, Josiah Quincy, Jr., 
John Bradford, Richard Boynton, Wm. Mackay, Nath. Barber, Caleb 
Davis, Alex. Hill, Wm. Molineux, and Robert Pierpont, be, and hereby 
are, appointed a Committee for the purpose aforesaid, and that they be 
desired to report to the town as soon as may be." 

The English East India Company, having obtained a license to export 
a quantity of tea to America, free from the payment of any customs or 
duties whatsoever, despatched the ship Dartmouth, which arrived in Bos- 
ton on the 2Sth of November, 1773, with one hundred and twelve chests 
of tea. Information of the intention of the company had been received 
long before the arrival of this ship, and caucuses were held in various 
parts of the town, to induce the consignees to make a public resignation 
of their commissions. The day after the arrival of the Dartmouth, the 
following notice was circulated in Boston and the neighboring towns : — 

" Frjends, Brethren, Countrymen ! 
"That worst of plagues, the detested TEA, shipped for this port by the 
East India Company, is now arrived in this hari)or. The hour of de- 



BOSTON. 51 

struclion, or manly opposition to the machinations of Tyranny, stares 
you in the face. Every friend to his country, to himself, and to posterity, 
is now called upon to meet at Faneuil Hall, at nine o'clock, this day (at 
which time the bells will ring), to make a united and successful resistance 
to this last, worst, and most destructive measure of administration. 
" Boston, Nov. 29, 1773." 

The number of people brought together by this notice was immense, 
and the meetings were continued by adjournment during this and the 
following day. A watch was appointed to prevent the landing of the tea, 
and it was " Voted, that it is the determination of this body to carry 
their votes and resolutions into execution at the risk of their lives and 
property." Another ship arrived on the 1st of December, and a brig 
about the same time. No preparation having been made by the owners 
and consignees for the departure of the vessels, another and fuller meeting 
was held on Thursday, the 16th of December, which remained in session, 
with a short recess, until five o'clock in the afternoon. A refusal having 
been received at that time from the Governor of a permit for the vessels 
to pass the Castle, the meeting broke up with most admired disorder, and 
the multitude rushed to Griffin's wharf. Thirty men, disguised as In- 
dians, went on board the ships with the tea. In less than two hours, two 
hundred and forty chests and one hundred half-chests were staved and 
emptied into the dock. The affair was conducted without tumult, and no 
injury was done to the vessels, or the remaining cargo. No opposition 
was made to this adventure by the ships of war or the troops. The 
names of the adventurers have never been made known. This act led to 
the determination to subdue America by force of arms. On the 31st of 
March, 1774, the king gave his assent to the Boston Port Bill. On the 
13th of May, the town passed the following vote : — 

" Voted, That it is the opinion of this town that if the other colonies 
come into a joint resolution to stop all importations from G. B. and ex- 
portations to G. B. the same will prove the salvation of N. America and 
her liberties. On the other hand, if they continue their exports and im- 
ports, there is high reason to fear that fraud, power, and the most odious 
oppression will rise triumphant over right, justice, social happiness, and 
freedom. And ordered. That this vote be transmitted by the Moderator 
to all our sister colonies in the name and behalf of this town." 

General Gage arrived the same day, and on the 1st of June the Custom- 
House was closed. The solemnity of these sad times was increased by 
the occurrence of a fire, on the 10th of August, in which several persons 
perished. The new charter made it unlawful to hold any town-meetings, 
but the people of the country assembled at Dedham, and afterwards at 
Milton. At the close of the year 1774, Governor Gage had under his 
command at Boston eleven regiments, besides four companies of artillery. 



52 HISTORY OP 

In the year 1775, an association was formed in Boston, of upwards of 
thirty persons, chiefly mechanics, for the purpose of watching the move- 
ments of the British, the members of which watched the soldiers by 
patrolling the streets all night. It was this association that gave notice of 
the expedition to destroy the stores at Concord, preparations for which 
had been made in profound secrecy. Towards the end of May, consider- 
able reinforcements arrived at Boston from England, accompanied by 
Generals Howe, Clinton, and Burgoyne. On the 17th of June, the battle of 
Bunker Hill was fought. After which, Boston was effectually guarded 
and brought into a state of siege. No provisions were allowed to enter, 
the troops and inhabitants were reduced to great necessities, and the 
breaking out of the small-pox added to the general wretchedness. On 
the 2d of July, General Washington took command of the American Army. 
Such was the scarcity of fuel during the following winter, ihat the Old 
North Meeting-house and above one hundred other large wooden build- 
ings were taken down and distributed for firewood. The Old South 
Church was transformed into a riding school; HoUis street. Brattle 
street, the West and the First Baptist Meeting-houses, were occupied as 
hospitals or barracks for the troops. 

On the ISth of March, 1776, the British troops embarked and aban- 
doned the town. The inhabitants of Boston speedily returned to their 
homes, and on the 29th of March, a regular meeting was held for the 
choice of town-officers. 

At the meeting for the choice of Representatives, in the ensuing May, 
it was unanimously resolved, to advise their Representatives " that, if 
the honorable Continental Congress should, for the safety of the colonies, 
declare them independent of the kingdom of Great Britain, they, the in- 
habitants, would solemnly engage with their lives and fortunes, to sup- 
port them in the measure." 

The Declaration of Independence was made public at Boston on the 
18th of July, with great parade and exultation. Although Boston con- 
tributed its full proportion of men and means to support the cause of the 
Revolution, it ceased from this time to be the seat of war. It remained 
firm in its determination to make no terms with Great Britain, unaccom- 
panied with an acknowledgment of independence. But the intelligence 
of peace, which was received on the 23d of April, 1783, called forth the 
most lively demonstrations of joy and satisfaction. The adoption of the 
Federal Constitution was equally an occasion of rejoicing, and was cele- 
brated by a numerous procession, composed of all classes and trades, with 
appropriate badges. 

The beacon upon Beacon Hill was blown down in the autumn of 1789, 
and the monument commemorating the principal events of the Revolu- 
tionary War was commenced the next year, and completed in the spring 
of 1791. It was a plain column, of the Doric order, built of brick and 



[51] 



No. 14 State Street, 
BOSTON. 
. Organized, ------- 1843. 

DISTRIBUTIONS IN CASH. 
Net Accumulation, April 1, 1856, 

$830^000. 

WILLARD PHILLIPS, Pres't. BENJ. F. STEVENS, Sec'y- 

Pamphlets, Reports and Applications sent by mail on application to the 

Secretary. 

BLAKE, HOWE & CO., 

GEO. BATY BLAKE, JOHN RICE BLAKE, JAS. MURRAY HOWE. 
Brokers and Wegotiators of Stocks, 

NO. 4, CORNER OF STATE STREET, BOSTON. 

B., H. & CO. draw Bills upon Messrs. GEORGE PEABODY & CO., LON- 
DON, for any amount from £1 upwards, and payable at from one to sixty days* 
sight, at the lowest market rates. They also buy Bills of Exchange, or sell them 
for their owners on commission. Circular Letters of Credit on Messrs. Geo. Pea- 
body & Co. will be furnished to travellers ia Europe or along the Mediterranean 
Sea. For freight or other moneys deposited with their correspondents in England 
—on terms which will be explained at their office,— an equivalent will be paid in 
Boston at the current rate of Exchange, less a charge of one-half of one per cent., 
being half the usual banker's commission. 

B., H. & CO. give their attention, also, to the purchase and sale of Stocks, at 
the Brokers' Board and elsewhere, both in Boston and, by their agents, in Ne\r 
York and the Southern cities. As they confine themselves to a strictly commis- 
sion business in this department, invei^tors and others may be sure of an impartial 
and undivided attention to their interests. 

Good Commercial Paper is also bought and sold at the most favorable rates. 
Capitalists preferring this kind of investment will find a most undoubted security 
with a remunerating rate of interest; while banks and other moneyed institutions 
can employ their funds both safely and profitably, with a confidence of receiving 
them again in money at short intervals. 



tSiS] 

FRENCH, WELLS & CO., 



IMP0ETEB8 OF 



PIPii iiiilliSi 
Bobemian & French Flower Vases, 

ooLoa-nNTBs, <sco.. Sea. 

DECORATED TO ORDER, WITH INITIALS, &c., &c. • 

Nos. 151 and 153 Milk Street, . 



ABRAM FRENCH, 
JOHN T. WELLS, 
R. E. NEWMAN 



BOSTON. 53 

Stone, and encrusted with a white cement; the lop surmounted by a gilt 
eagle, supporting the American Arms. The height of the column, to the 
top of the eagle, was sixty feet. The east side of the monument bore an 
inscription, the sentiment of which should ever be freshly remembered,— 

" AMERICANS : 
WHILE FROM THIS EMINENCE, SCENES OP LUXURIANT FERTILITY, OP 
FLOURISHING COMMERCE, AND THE ABODES OP SOCIAL HAPPINESS 
MEET YOUR VIEW, FORGET NOT THOSE, WHO BY THEIR EXERTIONS 
HAVE SECURED TO YOU THESE BLESSINGS." 

Our history of those events which, in Boston, preceded and led to the 
national independence, illustrates in an honorable manner the fidelity of 
its inhabitants to those principles of conduct which always directed 
their fathers in the settlement of this province. It requires no common 
sagacity to perceive, upon retrospection, the wisdom and nobleness of 
those principles, or to estimate the abundant reward of those virtues ; 
neither will it be difficult to understand, from the few pages yet before us, 
how well they were suited, under the blessing of God, to constitute the 
permanent basis of the soundest social polity, and of general and indi- 
vidual happiness. While we are inspired with sentiments of devout grati- 
tude to those who have preceded us, for the works they have left behind 
them, of which we are reaping the mighty benefits, we cannot but enter- 
tain an equally devout hope that we may be so guided and governed by 
their great examples, as to preserve a stale of constant progress, and con- 
tinue faithful to that honor. 

" The jewel of our house. 
Bequeathed down from many ancestors ; 
Which were the greatest obloquy in the world 
In us to lose." 

In writing the history of Boston up to this period, we have been record- 
ing events that belonged to the history of the province, and of the whole 
country. This was owing to the prominent position occupied by Boston 
in the affairs of the colony, and to the spirit of her citizens. But the 
successful issue of the Revolution having secured that independence and 
stability for which Boston had contended from its first foundation, and 
removed all apprehensions of their being again disturbed, the energies of 
the people were hereafter chiefly devoted to the labors of peace, to the 
improvement of those advantages of situation and government, which 
held out to the*m the highest prospects. Accordingly, our attention here- 
after will be principally given to subjects of merely local interest. 

The first great undertaking after the peace, the greatest at that time 
that had ever been projected in America, was the construction of a bridge 
over Charles River, between Boston and Gharlestown. The wisdom of 
this project was doubted at the lime by many persons, who thought it 



54 HISTORY OP 



would be unable to withstand the ice. An act of incorporation, however, 
was granted, on the 9th of March, 1785, to the stoclcholders, and the 
work was prosecuted with such vigor, that the bridge was open for pas- 
sengers on the 17ih of June, 1786. This occasion was celebrated with 
appropriate festivities; salutes of thirteen guns were fired at sunrise 
from Bunker and Uopps's hills, the sounds of which contrasted joyfully 
in the public mind, with those, which on the same day, eleven years be- 
fore, had awakened the same echoes. The procession consisted of almost 
every respectable character in public and private life, and included both 
branches of the Legislature. The number of spectators was estimated at 
twenty thousand, and eight hundred persons sat down to a dinner pro- 
vided for their accommodation on Breed's Hill. The Town Records show 
that this bridge had been discussed as early as 1720. The cost of it is 
said to have been ;£ 15,000, lawful money. 

The next great undertaking was the bridge and causeway from the 
west end of Cambridge street to the opposite shore in Cambridge. The 
causeway was begun on the iSlh of July, 1792, and that and the bridge 
were open for passengers on the 23d of November, 1793. The cost of the 
two was estimated at £23,000, lawful money. 

Old South Boston Bridge was opened for passengers in the summer of 
1805, and Canal or Craigie's Bridge in the summer of 1809. 

The Western Avenue, or Mill-Dam, making a sixth Avenue into the 
city (five of which are artificial), was fairly begun in 1818, and com- 
pleted in the summer of 1821. 

On the 20th of April, 1787, a disastrous fire occurred, which destroyed 
the HoUis Street Church, and one hundred other buildings, of which sixty 
were dwelling-houses. 

In the year 1793, the foundation was laid of the present range of build- 
ings in Franklin street ; the spot on which they stand had been up to 
this time neglected, and a slough or quagmire existed in the lower part 
of it. 

In July, 1794, another distressing fire occurred, which laid waste the 
square from Pearl street to the water. Six or seven ropewalks were de- 
stroyed, and one hundred stores and dwelling-houses. The ropewalks 
were afterwards removed to the bottom of the Common, and were twice 
destroyed by fire; once in the winter of 1805-6, and again in the autumn 
of 1819. In 1824, they were removed to the Neck and Mill-Dam. 

In the month of May, 1795, the town purchased of Governor Hancock's 
heirs the land on which the State-House stands, and transferred it to the 
commonwealth. The corner-stone of this edifice was laid with great 
ceremony on the 4th of July, by the Governor, assisted by the Grand 
Masters of the Masonic Lodges. A silver plate bearing the name of the 
depositors, and many pieces of current money, were placed beneath the 
stone. On it was inscribed, — " This Corner-Stone of a building, intended 



[53] 

J. M. BEEBE & CO., 



IMPORTEES OF 



BEITISH, FRENCH AND GERIAN 



•1 fi| •! 1*1 



AND DEALERS IN 



WOOLLENS AND COTTONS, 

35, 37 & 39 Kilby Street, 



IH^fil l€)i1?€)a 



[34] 




HAEDWABE, METALS AND TOOLS. 



SAMUEL MAY & CO., 
NO. 1 BROAD STREET, (CORNER OF STATE STREET.) 

Tin Plate, Sheet and Plate Iron, Iron Wire, Brass, Copper, Steel, Tinned and 
Galvanized Wire, Sheet Brass, Copper, Lead and Zinc, German Silver in Sheeti- 
and Wire, Brass and Copper Tubing, Block Tin, Bar Tin, Lead, Spelter, Anti- 
mony, Black Lead Pots, Crucibles, Stubs's Tools, Files and Steel, Anvils, Vises, 
Files and Rasps, Emery, Nuts and Washers, Screws, Bolts, Rivets, Smiths' Bel- 
lows, Cast Steel, in all shapes German, and Blistered Steel, Hammers, Sledges, 
Drills, Screw-Plates, Punch-Presses, Lathes. 

Agents for the Sale of Tinners' Tools and Machines, and of Smith's Portable 
Forges. 

1 BBOAD ST., (COBNER OF STATE ST.). 

BOSTOKT. 



BOSTON. 55 

for the use of the Legislative and Executive branches of Government of 
the Commonwealth of Massachusetts, was laid by His Excellency, Samuel 
Adams, Esq., Governor of said Commonwealth, assisted by the Most Wor- 
shipful Paul Revere, Grand Master, and the Right Worshipful William 
Sedley, Deputy Grand Master, the Grand Wardens and brethren of the 
Grand Lodge of Massachusetts, on the fourth day of July, An. Dom. 1795. 
A. L. 5795 being the XXth anniversary of American Independence." 

The Nineteenth Century. 

The new Alms-house, in Leverett street, which stood till 1825, was 
built in the year 1800. The old Alms-house, Work-house, and Bridewell, 
together with the Granary, were situated on Park street. The Granary 
was a storehouse for grain for the accommodation of the poor, and was 
under the direction of a committee. It may be mentioned here, that the 
first Alms-house appears to have been open for the reception of patients 
in 1665 ; and this being destroyed by fire in 1682, another was erected in 
1686. 

About 1S03 or 1801, the ground on which these buildings stood was sold, 
and the block of four houses in Park street adjoining the church was put 
up. This was one of the earliest improvements near the State-House and 
Common. 

In 1804, houses were erected on Beacon street, at the upper corner of 
Park street. 

Hamilton Place was finished in 1806, and Bumstead Place shortly 
after. Pinckney street, Myrtle street, Hancock street, and the whole ex- 
tent of Mount Vernon, which, at the end of the last century, were a 
dreary waste, began to exhibit signs of improvement, and by the year 
1806, some of the handsomest houses in the town were built in this neigh- 
borhood. Beacon hill and the hills west of it were cut down, and the 
materials were used to fill up the Mill-pond ; the proprietors of which 
had been incorporated by the name of the Boston Mill Corporation, as 
early as 1804. One of the first improvements on the Mill-pond (as it was 
called), was a street from the Boston side of Charles River and bridge, 
which shortened the distance between Charlestown and the centre of Bos- 
ton. The filling up of the pond gradually progressed subsequently to 
that time, by which the area of the peninsula was increased about forty- 
three acres. 

In December, 1801, another destructive fire occurred, and about a year 
afterwards the law was passed prohibiting the erection of wooden build- 
ings more than ten feet high. The improvements of the city were car- 
ried rapidly forward. 

In 1806, the digging away of Copps Hill, and the erection of brick 
buildings in Lynn street, was commenced. 

Broad street, India Wharf, and India street, extending from the head of 



10 



56 HISTORY OP 

the latter to the head of Long Wharf, were the next improvements, and 
the stores and houses on them were ready to be occupied in the course of 
1807 - 1809. To these great improvements we must add in the same quarter 
that of Central "Wharf, one hundred and fifty feet in width, with a line of 
fifty-four stores in the centre, four stories high. As a place of commer- 
cial business, combining every possible convenience, Central Wharf is 
probably not surpassed by any in the world. The projector of these great 
enterprises, Mr. Colting, originated at the same time the plans of Market 
and Brattle streets, with their fine buildings, the first which were made 
to rest on granite pillars. The houses on the east side of Market street 
were built the next year, and enjoy the distinction of being the first stone 
block in the town. 

The changes above enumerated were chiefly for the purposes of busi- 
ness and trade, but the means of accommodation for a population rapidly 
increasing in wealth and numbers, kept equal pace with the improved 
facilities of commerce. 

Fort Hill was repaired, and the adjacent lot was sold to individuals, 
who raised the brick block called Washington Place. The neighborhood 
of the Massachusetts Hospital, formerly marsh and pasture ground, or 
used for ropewalks only, was covered with handsome houses. Beacon 
street, on the west side of the Common, and Tremonl street on the east 
(mostly built in 1811), were adorned with elegant dwellings, and before 
the year 1822, many courts, rows, squares, and places, added to the 
beauty and convenience of the city. In the mean time, the old Custom- 
House had been built, and the Boston Exchange Coffee-House, an im- 
mense pile, seven stories in height, and covering twelve thousand seven 
hundred and fifty-three square feet of ground, was completed. It stood 
with its front on Congress street, and took in the site of the present Ex- 
change Coffee-House. It was destroyed by fire in 1818. 

The stone Court-House, in Court Square, now City Hall, built in 1810, 
Eoylston Hall in the same year, and the City Market, so called, at the 
foot of Brattle street, next to Dock Square, built in 1819, bring to a close, 
for the present, our list of improvements, — dry, perhaps, to the indifferent 
reader, but replete with interest for the Bosionian, who is thus made 
familiar with the mode of growth of his native city. 

It has been the fashion of our day to listen with loo much patience to 
sneers upon the severity of the life and manners of our Puritan fathers. 
It is apt (very naturally) to escape the unreflecting, that the work they 
had to perform, — that of raising amid the gloom of ignorance, bigotry, 
and licentiousness, and in a distant wilderness, a social structure resting 
upon the broad and secure basis of religious and civil freedom, — was not to 
be accomplished with laughter and revelry, " the brood of folly, without 
father bred," — but with seriousness, with grave meditations, and the 
awful persuasions of an exalted faith, — the walls of their new city of 



[»SJ 




J.Hyde t!e 



J. A. continues to excute all orders entrusted to him, in the 
best style, with promptness, and a due regard to moderation 
in charges, from 



A Sinjg^le Illustration to a whole Book or 
Illustrated Nevrspaper. 



[56] 

HENRY N. GARDNER, 

ii;2c£>Qa^c^ IIP SI a ca i:^ c^ 12* £> 

IMITATOR OF WOOD AND MARBLE, 

Wo. 32 Kingston Street, Boston. 
Best French Zinc Paint used exclusively. 

To whom it may concern : Mr. H. N. Gardner has painted my house; it 
has been finished about three months. I have been acquainted with paint- 
ers more or less, and have seen much of their work. I do not hesitate to 
say that the work recently done on my house, by Mr. Gardner, is as good 
as any that can be found in this city ; and in my opinion it is the best, 
and will be as durable as it is possible for any painting. For proof of 
Mr. Gardner's excellent workmanship, I shall be pleased to wait upon any 
person who would like to call and see for themselves. 

Sept. 14, 1854. Respectfully, 0. S. Sanders, 11 Bowdoin St. 

Mr. H. N. Gardner having done work for me, I can cheerfully recom- 
mend him as a skilful Painter, particularly where great nicety is re- 
quired. J. L. WilLiAMS, 158 Tremont St. 
Boston, Sept. 28, 1854. 

To whom it may concern : We take great pleasure in recommending to 
your favorable notice Mr. H. N. Gardner, as one of the best House 
Painters in the city, and an honorable man. Any orders you may feel 
disposed to give him, will, we have no doubt, be fulfilled to your entire 
satisfaction. Respectfully, 

Sam'l Gilbert, 36 State, house 83 Summer St. 

Sam'l F. Morse, 79 Summer St. 

Benj. Woodward. 

Caleb Eddy, 76 State St., house 4 Exeter Place. 

James H. Fearing, 8 Federal, house 10 Edinboro' St. 

Geo. L. Thayer, Pearl St., house 52 Harrison Ave. 

Edwin H. Hall, 39 Milk, house 18 Columbia St. 

Mrs. Sargent, 13 Chestnut St. 

J. T. Sargent, 70 Dover St. 

0;I7="H. N. G. keeps in his employ workmen whose experience is a sure 
guaranty that all work entrusted to his care, will be executed in a thor- 
ough and satisfactory manner, second to none done in this city. All 
work will be performed under his immediate supervision, and on the 
shortest notice. 

S. WiLLARD, 9 Congress St. 

House Painting. Half the trouble and inconvenience attending house 
painting is obviated by employing a painter who thoroughly understands 
his business — one who is neat and tidy in all his operations. Such a 
man is Henry N. Gardner, whose place of business is at No. 82 Kingston 
street. This we know from practical experience. He employs none but 
workmen of ability, and oversees all their work personally. He uses 
none but the best of stock, and his work will bear the strictest examina- 
tion. We can confidently recommend Mr. G. to all who are in want of 
good work,at fair living prices, and feel assured he will do it to satisfaction. 
The reputation he has acquired has been earned by a strict attention to 
his profe.ssion in all its branches. H. W. BUTTON. 



BOSTON. 57 

refuge were not to be built with music, or if with music, not of that 
profane sort to the idle sounds of which the stones of the heathen capital 
danced into their places, but with the sage and solemn tunes of peni- 
tential psalms, of hymns of joyful thanksgiving, — the music of the full- 
voiced choir heard 

" In service high and anthems clear," 

which brought all heaven before the eyes of him who listened with faith 
and love. 

The present state of the fine arts in the city of Boston affords the best 
possible evidence that the sterner qualities of the Puritan character were 
by no means inconsistent with the higher graces of the mind. Indeed, 
the former, like the hardest materials in inanimate nature, seem capable 
of receiving the most exquisite polish. And when we allude to the in- 
troduction of a taste for ajt, and for the more refined enjoyments of social 
life, we do not mean to speak or think of it as something contradictory 
to the sentiments of the original founders of this colony, — for that, in- 
deed, would discover ignorance ef their wealth, their education, and social 
position at home, —but as something necessarily wanting until the 
struggle for existence and for safety had ceased, — as the adornments of 
the edifice, not the less comprised in the original plan, because they do 
not appear until the pillars on which they repose are standing upon their 
firm bases. Moreover, the highest refinements of social life have always 
followed in the path of commerce, which is not more the constant friend 
of liberty, than of knowledge and art. 

The first building especially appropriated to public amusements was 
erected in the year 1756. This was Concert Hall, at the head of Hanover 
street. It was designed for concerts, dancing, and other entertainments. 
It was subsequently enlarged and improved at a great expense, and was 
the place in which the British officers conducted their amusements while 
in possession of the town. A law of the province passed about the year 
1750, prohibited theatrical exhibitions under severe penalties. An effort 
to obtain a repeal of this law in 1792, failed. Notwithstanding which, 
plays were performed under the title of moral lectures, in the " new ex- 
hibition room in Board Alley," now Hawley street. A majority of the 
town regarded the prohibitory laws as " unconstitutional, inexpedient, 
and absurd," and in obedience to the public wishes, the theatre in Fed- 
eral street was built, and opened in 1794. To this was added the Hay- 
market Theatre, in 1796, which stood near the foot of the mall, on the 
spot now occupied by the three story buildings south of Colonnade Row. 
Various other places of public entertainment, including several museums, 
were opened subsequently to the year 1790. Institutions of a more 
elevated character preceded and accompanied these provisions for the 
mere enjoyment of the people. The American Academy of Arts and 



58 HISTORY OP 

Sciences was incorporated in the year 1780. The design of this institu- 
tion was "to cultivate every art and science which may tend to advance 
the interest, honor, dignity, and happiness of a free, independent, and 
virtuous people." The Meaioirs of this Academy have done, and are now 
doing, much to enlarge the bounds of human knowledge. It is now in a 
state of great activity and usefulness, and enrolls among its fellows and 
honorary members the most eminent names in science and literature in 
this country and in Europe. 

In 1794, was incorporated the Massachusetts Historical Society, which 
had for its object the collection, preservation, and communication of 
materials for a complete history of the country. In the same year the 
Boston Library Society came into existence, and very soon filled its 
shelves with valuable works of science and general literature, particularly 
those which, on account of their cost, are not commonly accessible. 

The present fine institution of the Athensura originated in the year 
1806, by the establishment of a reading-room, containing valuable foreign 
and domestic periodicals, publications, and books of general reference. 
The proprietors of this institution were incorporated in 1807, and through 
the untiring spirit and inexhaustible liberality of private individuals, it 
has risen to its present state of usefulness and honor ; its building is one 
of the chief architectural ornaments of the city, and its library and rooms 
of statuary and painting are the habitual resort of the lovers of knowl- 
edge and art. 

Passing over many minor literary associations, we must make a hasty 
enumeration of those charitable institutions which, if a selection were 
made, must be designated as the most prominent characteristic of Boston. 
There is no general sentiment, not even the love of liberty, which, from 
the early foundation of the colony, has displayed itself with more force 
and harmony. Its objects are numerous, and upon some of them "all 
sorts of persons, rich and poor, orthodox and heretics, strong and weak, 
influential and influenced, male and female, young and old, educated and 
uneducated, unite their eflforts, and the result is such a combination of 
charities as has never before been found in any city of its size." The 
tardy self-reproach of Lear 

" O, I have ta'en 
Too little care of this ! " 

will not visit the pillow of the mechanic or merchant, the lawyer or 
tradesman, of Boston. If their sagacity has first pointed the way to 
wealth, and their boldness has followed it successfully, they have not for- 
gotten the " houseless heads and unfed sides, the looped and windowed' 
raggedness," that are to be found in every, the most prosperous, com- 
munity. 
We will merely give the names of some of these charitable institutions. 



[57] 



W. E. WEEMAN'S 




FOR 

GARDENS, 
Cemetery Fences, 





CS-W. E. W. is prepared to manufacture to order, at tlie lowest prices, every 
description of plain and ornamental Iron Railing, from the ,most improved and 
modern designs. Samples may be seen at his Warerooms, 

Nos. 84 & 86 Sudbury St., Boston. 

All orders in the City or Country promptly attended to. 



[58] 

NEARLY 1,000,000 SOLD. 
SPALDING'S 




AND CASTOR OIL. 

It will Ornament— Embellish— Cleanse— 

Invigorate, and give richness and 

brilliancy to the Hair. 

After its use, the Hair has been restored 
to bald places, and stopped from falling 
off. The fac-simile of J. Russell Spald- 
ing's signature, is on every bottle of the 
genuine. 

Clinton's New Hair Dye, 

Will give a perfect hlaclc or brown col- 
or, to gray, red and light Hair, and 
"Whiskers. Price $1,00. 

French's Hair Remover, 

Will take off surplus Hair from the lips, 
forehead, neck, &c. Price 60 cents. 

Silver Plating Fluid, 

Will clean all silver ware, and renew old 
Plated articles. Also, give a perfect coat- 
ing of pure silver to brass, copper, com- 
postion, and many metals. It secured the 
highest premium at the Great Industrial 
Exhib iiion. 

J. RUSSELL SPALDING, 
APOTHECARY, 

AND 

Manufacturing Chemist, 
No. 27 Tremont Row, 

OPPOSITE MUSEUM, 

Boston, Mass., 

Is manufacturer and proprietor of the 
above articles, where orders may be ad- 
dressed, 

N. B.— Agents wanted, travelling and 
local. 



s 

o 
o 






ft 



P4 



in 



1—3 Qj ^ 

C5 



P4 



Ms 
03 s 





> 

fl 

CD 

H 



Among those which have been incorporated are the Massachusetts 
Humane Society, the Massachusetts Charitable Fire Society, the Massa- 
chusetts Charitable Mechanics' Association, the Boston Dispensary, the 
Boston Female Asylum, the Howard Benevolent Society, the Asylum for 
Indigent Boys, the Provident Institution for Savings, the Society for the 
Religious and Moral Instruction of the Poor, the Penitent Females' Refuge, 
the Female Orphan Asylum, the Lying-in Hospital, the Blind Asylum, 
the Eye and Ear Infirmary, the Massachusetts General Hospital, the 
Farm School, and the Insane Asylum. Besides these, and many more of 
the same kind, there are charitable provisions made by every religious 
society for its own poor, and there is a public establishment called the 
Ministry at Large, the object of which is, to inquire into all descriptions 
of destitution, and to apply the necessary alleviation. The views of the 
societies above named, are general and comprehensive, but there are other 
institutions not less active, though more limited in their scope. Such 
are the Samaritan and Fragment Societies ; the Fatherless and Widows' 
Society ; the Society for the Relief of the Distressed ; the Episcopal 
Charitable Society ; the British Charitable, the Irish Charitable, the 
Massachusetts Charitable, and the Fuel Societies ; the Needlewoman's 
Friend and the Seaman's Friend Societies; the Prison Discipline Society, 
&c., &c. If we add to these many strictly private associations for benev- 
olent purposes, we may without vanity repeat the words cf Increase 
Mather, who said, " for charity, he might indeed speak it without 
flattery, this town hath not many equals on the face of the earth." 
From this topic we pass, by an easy and natural transition, to our 
system of free schools, and other means of education, the indispensa- 
ble support of republics. The Massachusetts system of free schools is 
too well known throughout the world to require that its history or meth- 
ods should be given here. The earliest trace of it is found in the Boston 
records under the date of April 13th, 1635, — that is, five years after the 
settlement. A subscription " towards the maintenance of a free school- 
master," at the head of which stand the names of Governor Vane, Gov- 
ernor Winthrop, and Mr. Richard Bellingham, is found on the last leaf of 
the oldest volume of town records ; and the same records show, that the 
subject has continued from that time to the present, to command the 
unintermitted, faithful, and earnest attention of the authorities of the 
town. Among the fruits of this system of free education, may be counted 
several voluntary associations of young men, having for their object in- 
structions of a higher degree, so organized as to be accessible to all ; 
such as the Society for the Diffusion of Useful Knowledge, the Mercan- 
tile Library Association, the Mechanics' Institute, Sec. The best minds 
of the State and country are employed in delivering courses of public 
lectures before these societies every winter. Neither must we omit to 
mention that noblest of private foundations, the Lowell Institute, — the 



DU HISTORY OP 

work of a wise, patriotic, and munificent spirit, wiio, by means of it, has 
done so much for his city, and for the promotion of knowledge, 

" That Christendom shall ever speak his virtue." 

In 1822, the act of the Legislature was passed, conferring upon Boston 
the name and privileges of a city. This change had engaged the atten- 
tion of the people of Boston as early as the year 1651, and from that lime 
forward, at considerably long intervals, ineffectual attempts had been made 
to bring it about. The charter was not accepted finally without opposi- 
tion. The first Mayor was the Hon. John Phillips, who, during a year 
of some excitement, administered the new form of government in a man- 
ner suited to conciliate the feelings of its opponents. The adoption of 
the city charter, and the election of the Hon. Josiah Quincy to the otSce 
of Mayor on the second year, must be regarded as a most important era 
in the history of Boston. " The destinies of the city of Boston," said 
Mr. Quincy, in one of his inaugural addresses, "are of a nature too plain 
to be denied or misconceived. The prognostics of its future greatness are 
written on the face of nature too legibly and too indelibly to be mistaken. 
The indications are apparent from the location of our city, from its har- 
bor, and its relative position among rival towns and cities; above all, 
from the character of its inhabitants, and the singular degree of enter- 
prise and intelligence which are diffused through every class of its citi- 
zens." To hasten the fulfilment of those prognostics, to interpret those 
indications, to unfold and direct those destinies, Mr. Quincy applied all 
the powers of a mind, vigorous, inventive, resolute, and expanded, with 
such prudence and courage, that he has added lustre to a name distin- 
guished in the annals of this colony, and of the country, from the date 
of the first patent to the present day. 

Quincy Market, which has been justly styled "one of the boldest, most 
useful, and splendid public improvements that have taken place in the 
Eastern States," is not only a great advantage to the city, but a fitting 
monument of Mr. Quincy 's genius. 

How well the impulse to improvements given by Mr. Quincy has been 
followed out, the subsequent pages of this volume, containing pictorial 
and o'ther descriptions of the public buildings and places of the city, will 
abundantly show. 

The introduction of Railroads, the first two of which were opened for 
public travel in 1S35, supplied a means of further progress, well suited 
to the character of our people. The union of this city with the great 
lakes on one side, and England on the other, with the Canadas on the 
north, and the States on the south, has rendered it one of the principle 
depots of commerce, and one of the chief mediums of travel. 

We mentioned on a former page, that in 1711, a Southern and Eastern 
mail ran once a week to Plymouth and Maine, and a "Western mail once 



[59] 
TO THE I»UIJi:,IC. 

O. C- I=K[ EL I^S'S 

IMPROVED PATENT WATER FILTER, 

MANUFACTURED BY THE INVENTOR. 

The special attention of Plumbers, Builders, and those using water on 
pressure, is called to the article aboTe mentioned, as being the most con- 
venient, durable, and beautiful filter in the market. It being a portabl e 
article, entirely does away with the necessity of throwing it away, and 
purchasing a new one after six or twelTe months' use. It is so con- 
structed that it can be taken apart and cleaned at pleasure ; in fact it 
must be cleaned before the animalculag and filth becomes putrid, which 
is a desirable point in articles of this kind. It has been in operation for 
the past season, and has far surpassed the most sanguine anticipations 
of the inventor. Letters patent have been granted, which bear date, 
June 12, 1S55. The improvement I claim over all others, is — 

1st. It can be taken apart and cleaned at pleasure. 

2d. Its being substantial and durable. 

3d. It will not deliver water unless kept clean, which can be done 
easily. 

4th. The filtering medium is purely metallic, and is silver plated, pre- 
venting corrosion. 

5th. It will filter water finer than any other article ever introduced. 

6th. Th(' filtering medium can be renewed for 25 cents, if it should 
be required 

TESTIMONIALS of its efficiency can be seen at the manufactory, 
where its operation can be witnessed by any and all interested. 

Manufactory in GORE BLOCK, opposite Revere House, Entrance on Pitts St., Boston . 

For sale by all Plumbers. Territorial rights for sale, if applied for 
soon. 

N. B. All persons are hereby cautioned against infringing on my Patent, as 
I shall prosecute all violations of the same. O. C I»HJB1.I»S. 

IMPROVED WATER FILTER. We aUuded the other day to Mr. O. C. 
PHELPS'S improved Patent Water Filter, and mentioned that we had seen it, 
and that it appeared to be all that the inventor claimed. We have since used it, 
and can bear testimony to the many advantages which it possesses. As respects 
durability, the ease with which it can be cleaned, the little liability to get out of 
order, and the trifling cost of renewing the filtering medium, when necessary, 
we think it not surpassed by any filter in use.— Boston Journal. 

A NEW FILTER. Mr. O. C. Phelps, Gore Block, opposite the Revere House, 
has an "Improved Patent Filter," which, for construction, beauty, utility and 
convenience of use, has much to recommend it. A trial of this filter will satisfy 
all who use the Cochituate water, of the importance of purifying all the water 
used for family purposes. Having tried this filter, we can endorse all that is 
claimed for it by the inventoi.— 2 lanscript. 

(From the Chronicle.) 

PHELP'S IMPROVED FILTER. Mr. O. C. Phelps, an artizan of this city, 
has completed and patented an "Improved Patent Filter," and after having 
witnessed its operation, we can but speak of it in the highest terms. Its con- 
struction is quite simple, its general appearance neat, and even ornamental ; 
and for utility, those who have used it, express but one opinion— that it answers 
the desired end in every respect. All who use the Cochituate, or water from any 
other source, have only to give this apparatus a trial, to be convinced of its great 
value. Dr. Hayes, Dr. Jackson, and other gentlemen of equal note, have given 
their approval of the filter, and the subjoined note, from one competent to decide 
upon its merits, we fully endorse :— 

"Mr. Phelps— Dear Sir : Having used one of your improved filters, at my house, 
for some time, I do not hesitate to say that it is the best I have met with, after 
trving various others, and that it will do all that you claim for it. 

GEORGE DARRACOTT." 



[60] 

FIRE AND WATER-PROOP 

COMPOSITION EOOFS. 



Your attention is respectfully called to this valuable improvement in ''f. 
the method of Roofing. It has been fully tested under every variety of 
circumstances ; and is safely recommended, as combining advantages j 
which can be claimed by no other Roof. 

This Roof was firSt applied to Buildings in Cincinnati (twelve years ago), 
since which time it has been introduced into nearly every city in thd ■ 
United States, and more recently in the British Provinces anj Canadas. ' 

It has been used upon Dwelling Houses of the first class, IVarehouses, [ 
Railroad Depots, Freight and Car Houses, Manufactories and Bridges, 1 
and has been pronounced by Architects, Builders, and otherf, who have ; 
a knowledge of its merits, to be of greater durability, an d possessed of I 
fire and water resisting properties, to an extent beyond that of any other 
Roofing material now in use. 

During the past two years these Roofs have established for themselves • 
in New England and the Canadas a reputation second to none ; and i 
testimonials from various parts of the Union, admit their superiority 
over all others. 

The incUnation required is but one inch to the foot, thus leaving the i 
Roof in a good condition for Drying pux-poses, and rendering it available i 
in case of fire. 

The Composition with which these Roofs are covered, is composed of 
mineral and other substances, so combined as to possess sufficient elas- 
ticity to prevent all liability to crack, while at the same time the tenacity 
is greater than possessed by any other material. 

It is not affected by the jar of machinery, and can be afforded at a less i 
price than any other i'ire-Proof Roof now in use. 

Circulars may be obtained, and further information may be had, upon 
application at the Office. 

D. W. BAII.EY. 

Boston, June 1, 1856. 7 liiberty Square. 



BOSTON. 61 

a fortnight to Connecticut and New York. In 1791, a new lelegrapli was 
invented by Mr. Grout, of Belcliertown, witli which he boasted that in 
less than ten minutes he had asked a question and received an answer 
from a place ninety miles distant. 

We Introduce these facts here to suggest to the reader a moment's re- 
flection upon the great changes and improvements which seem to mark 
our age as one of the most favored in history. The rapid increase of 
Boston in wealth, population, and all the elements of greatness, reminds 
us that no small portion of the benefits of this favored age has fallen to 
our share. "When the first bridge to South Boston was built, that whole 
peninsula contained but ten families, and now it numbers the population 
of a small city. In 1831, there was but a single family on Noddle's Island, 
East Boston ; it now contains sixteen thousand inhabitants. Both these 
parts of the city are in the most flourishing condition, and share largely 
in the general prosperity. When justice is done to South Boston, by a 
judicious improvement, which will confer upon it a portion of the water 
advantages to which East Boston owes its more rapid gain. South Boston 
will also become the seat of commerce as well as of manufactures. 

But we must close here our brief, and to us unsatisfactory, abridgment 
of the history of Boston. It would be impossible, however, for a native 
Bostonian, when on this theme, to lay down his pen without grasping at 
some of the rich fruit, — the "apples of gold in pictures of silver," — the 
instructions of that wisdom which speaketh in the streets of our city, to 
those who are able to heed her voice. If this history teaches any thing, 
and such a pregnant history must contain many precious maxims, it 
teaches this, that implicit obedience to law is, in a republican communi- 
ty, the only security for life and property ; that the Union of these States 
is the most important element in our commercial prosperity ; and apart 
from those personal interests which must, more or less, influence the 
conduct of all men, we find the strongest inducements to the support of 
our commercial prosperity in this consideration, — that commerce is the 
human instrument which, above all others, has been employed by the 
Creator of the Universe in promoting the physical, moral, and intellectual 
advancement of mankind. 



11 



CHURCHES AND MINISTERS. 



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[61] 



ADAMS HOUSE, 




371 WASHINGTON STREET, 



[B@iir@[Ki, mM 



DANIEL. €HAMB£RL.IN, 

Proprietor. 



[6?3] 
Every article warranted as represented or the money refunded. 

WATCHES. ^- ^ AT 

JEWELI.^,,^^^^ JENKINS'S, 

SILVER & PLATED WARES, ^"^^ '"^^ ''^""^^ °' 




COURT & HANOVER STREETS- 

OPERA GLASSES, ^^^ ' 

BOSTON. 

P orte Monnaies, _ 

&c. ^^^^c=^ Call before purchasing. 

SIGN OP THE GOLDEN CALIFORNIAN. 

ELEGANT JEWELRY.— Those of our numerous readers who may have oc- 
casion to make purchases in the way of Jewelry, or Silver or Plated Wares, will 
find the estahlishment of Nath'l Jenkins, on the corner of Court and Hanover 
Streets, one of the best places in the city to trade at, as everything is sold on the 
one price system, and their stock consists of every variety usually kept in such 
establishments, from the cheapest rings to the most costly gold watch or set of 
silver ware. His store is one of the most centrally situated in the city, his stock 
large, liis prices low, and purchasers who once call upon him, are likely to be- 
come customers.— Am. Odd Fellow. 

EXTENSIVE .TEWELRY ESTABLISHMENT.- The jewelry establish- 
ment of Nathaniel Jenkins, at the corner of Court and Hanover Streets, is one 
of the most complete and extensive in the city. The golden Californian, which 
stands in his window, is sentinel over a rich and varied assortment of treasures 
n this department, and everything procured at the store is warranted to be what 
t is represented, which is an important consideration of itself, besides which 
he prices are as low as any reasonable man can desire. — Chronicle. 

SIGN OF THE GOLDEN CALIFORNIAN.— Mr. N. Jenkins, comer of 
Court and Hanover Sts., has a splendid assortment of jewelry, watches, plated 
and silver ware. So "reat is the variety of fancy articles that buyers are seldom 
disappointed, generally finding the object of their search. Mr. Jenkins has 
started on the one price system, and his store is evidently a very popular re- 
sort. Remember, Court, cor. of Hanover St.— Commonwealth. 

WATCHES, JEWELRY AlSfD SILVER PLATED WARES, AT ONE 
PRICE ONLY.— Strangers visiting the city, will find Jenkins's, at the comer of 
Court and Hanover Streets, sign of the golden Californian, one of the best places 
to purchase articles in the above line, as he sells low, and warrants everif article to 
be as represented, or to refund the money if it does not prove so. This is the only 
one price jewelry store in the city, and since Mr. Jenkins has adopted it, he has 
found that his trade has increased wonderfully. Fair dealing is the motto of this 
establishment Call and see him.— Bee. 

SIGN OF THE GOLDEN CALIFORNIAN .-Those who desire to purchase 
the best of watches, j«welry, silver and plated ware, or any articles usually found 
at a first class establishment of this kind, should go to Nathaniel Jenkins, corner 
of Court and Hanover Streets, sign of the auriferous gentlemanfrom El Dorado. 
The peculiarities and merit of Mr. Jenkins's establishment are, one price, and 
dependence upon having every thing as represented. The stock of goods at 
this place is large and fresh. The pufaUc will govern themselves accordingly.— 
Courier. 



63 






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64 



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[03J 
The cuts below represent 

A. H. WOOD'S GAS BURNER, 

Patented November 9th, A. D. 1852, for checking th^ 
pressure and distributing the gas in the burner, &c. - 

Its merits, in regard to utiUty and economy, are satia 
factory to those who have had it in use for years. 

Some years since, it was thought by many, (who cred- 
ited the assertion of those who should have given cor- 
rect information), that light, from gas, was in proportion 
to the amount used ; and of more recent date, I have 
found the same party zealously urging the sale of Burn- 
ers that were known to be of temporary construction, 
and requiring a large amount of gas (in proportion to 
the light) to supply them, assuring their patrons that 
they were equal, if not superior, to any of the modern 
improvements. 

Reasons might be adduced, if space would admit, but 
sufiace to say, please notice Circular of July Ist, 1856. 




Careful experiments and observations have con- 
vinced me, that light is obtained in proportion to 
the combustion of the gas, rather than in the amount 
used ; and in order to get the most light, from a 
given quantity of gas, it is necessary to have a 
Burner founded on good principle and mechanism, 
combined with good apphcation and care.* 

* In no other way (I think) can we obtain what 
has been sought by the consumers. 

I presume it will not be disputed by any impar- 
tial person, who has given pratical attention to 
the burning of gas, that the greatest amount of 
light, and the most perfect combustion, might be 
obtained from rarified gas, at a small pressure in 
the burner, provided we could spread the flame 
so as to give surface to the light, and prevent its 
flickering. 




This, by my improvement, is attainable, and 
^consists in a novel arrangement of devices, by 
which the dense flow of gas is effectually checked, 
and distributed in the burner ; also a spreader 
and heater arranged near the delivering orifice 
' in the jet, that forms a base to the flame, and 
j imparts heat to the burner and appendage below, 
^ by which the flame is spread to a proper width at 
a low pressure, and by the combination of which 
(after being lit four or five minutes) it creates a 
steady flow of rarified gas within, and air around 
the burner, creating the most perfect gas light ever 
offered to the public. 

A. H. WOOD, 

B O ST03Sr 

86 Court Street. 



[64] 

J. W. SMITH & CO., 

MERCHAIT TAILORS, 

And Wholesale and Betail Dealers in 
SUPERIOR 

READY-MADE CLOTHING, 



AND 



GENTLEMEN'S FURNISHING GOODS, 
Dock Square, corner of Elm St., 



B0ST03Sr. 



p. S. Our Stock of Ready-Made Clothing, on our lower 
floor, is manufactured expressly for our retail sales, and is the 
best stock of the kind in Boston. Custom work in style and 
workmanship equal to any up town establishment, and all is 
done from fifteen to twenty per cent, less than most other 
Tailoring Establishments. 



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bfa CHURCHES OF BOSTON 

CHURCHES OF BOSTON. 

The first church building erected in Boston was in the year 1632. Its 
location was near the present corner of State street and Devonshire 
street. Mr. Emerson, in his historical sketches of the church, slates its 
location as not far from the spot on which the former Exchange Coffee- 
House was built. The church covenant of the first society was in the 
following words : — 

" In the name of our Lord Jesus Christ, and in obedience to his holy 
will and divine ordinance, 

" We, whose names are here underwritten, being by his most wise and 
good providence brought together into this part of America, in the Bay 
of Massachusetts, and desirous to unite into one congregation or church, 
under the Lord Jesus Christ, our head, in such sort, as becomelh all those 
whom he hath redeemed and sanlified to himself, do hereby solemnly and 
religiously, as in his most holy presence, promise and bind ourselves to 
walk in all our ways according to the rule of the gospel, and in all sincere 
conformity to his holy ordinances, and in mutual love and respect to each 
other so near, as God shall give us grace." 

The second church in Boston was erected in 1649, at the head of the 
North Square ; " when the northeast part of the town being separated 
from the other with a narrow stream cut through a nick of land by in- 
dustry, whereby that part is become an island." 

The first Episcopal Society was formed in Boston in the year 1686, when 
the service of the Common Prayer Book was introduced. Such was the 
inveterate opposition of the early colonists to the adoption of any other 
form of worship than their own, that it was with great difficulty that the 
Baptists, Quakers, Roman Catholics, and Episcopalians, obtained a foot- 
ing in the city. The Old South Church was forcibly taken possession of 
in that year, the ministers who were previously consulted having agreed 
" that they could not, with a good conscience, consent to the use of their 
churches for the Episcopal service." 

The first Baptist Society was formed in the year 1665, when prosecu- 
tions against members of that denomination were commenced. Their 
first house of worship was at the corner of Stillman and Salem streets. 

The first Quakers who appeared in New England arrived at Boston in 
the year 1656. The General Court passed sentence of banishment against 
them. Three years afterwards, two members of this denomination were 
executed on account of their religious tenets. In 1661, King Charles the 
Second issued instructions that no more prosecutions should be made. 

A Roman Catholic Church was first formed in this city in the year 1789. 

The first Methodist Church, erected in Boston, was opened by a Meth- 
odist Missionary in the year 1796. This building was erected in Hanover 
Avenue. 

The first Universalist Society was established in the year 1785, when 
they purchased the meeting-house at the corner of Hanover and Bennett 
streets. 



[65] 




OFFICE, No. 8 CharlestowTQ, opposite MANUFACTORY, No. 4 Haymarket 
Cooper Street. Square. 

BOSTOIV STEJLM A^NT^ GA.S I»II»E TFORKS. 

Manufacturers of 
Wrought Iron Steam and G-as Pipe, Lap-welded Boiler Plues, of all 
sizes. Brass and Iron Fittings, of all kinds. 
Boilers, Heaters, Indicators, Gas Lightinff Apparatus, and eveiythtng 
appertaining to Steam and Gas. 
B.P. & Co, will give their personal attention to the construction for -vfarming 
Factories, Hotels, and Public Institutions, upon new and improved plans ; also. 
Pipes conducted through buildings of all kinds for Gas, and all work done in a 
neat and workmanlike manner. 



JASON BRAMAN, ? 
JOHN PERHAM, S 



5 WILLIAM P. NEWELL, 
> OLIVER S. BARRETT. 



BIT^M, PEARSOKT, CJLRI.£XO]Kr <fe CO. 




PATENT 

FRICTION 

MATCHES 

No. 116 Union Street, 

BOSTOIN". 



Orders solicited and promptly 
answered. 



[60] 

BOSTON HAND STAMP COMPANY, 

MANUFACTURERS OF 

Ruggles' Patent Flexible Hand Stamps. 

The great popularity, demand and extensive sale of the Ruggles Patent Flexi- 
ble Hand Stamps, and the precedence they have taken of all other Stamps, maj 
be accounted for as follows : they can be used with greater rapidity than anj 
other stamp, giving full and perfect impressions, even in the hands of the un 
skilful ; their adaptability to all kinds of business, such as stamping businesi 
paper with private marks, thereby preventing fraud ; stamping large or smal' 
sheets of wrapping paper on any part, even in the centre of the sheet, (a mattei 
of impossibihty with other stamps); stamping bundles of goods, &c., which ii 
one of the best advertising mediums for businessmen; the convenience Banks 
and Bankers have realized in their use, in indorsing notes, &c. ; Railroads ir- 
dating their Tickets and Coupons ; Post Offices in giving legible j)ostal mark 
on all mailable matter ; their adaptedness for the use of INttaries Public, Com- 
missioners, Custom Houses, and for any official business whatever. 

The Company's unprecedented success, with their increased facilities, has in- 
duced them to ^eatly reduce their scale of prices, so that all may avail them- 
selves of so desirable an article ; and they are prepared to execute promptly all 
orders for the above stamps; also for Seals, Seal Presses, Dies, Stamps for usinf 
I'rinters' types, and various other kinds of Stamps. 

The public are respectfully invited to call and examine for themselves. 

M. B. BIGEIiOW, Agent. 



WINTER & BROTHER, 



9 



152 Washington Street, Boston, 

(Old Stand of J. W. Wilcox.) \ 

WINTER & BROTHER furnish Duplicates of the nicest 

WOODCUTS, LETTER PRESS WORK, MOULDS, 
MEDALLIONS, &c., 

Which in point of finish equal the original, and for durability outwearj 
anything now in use, (except steel) 

Five years experience in the art, at the establishment of J. W. WiLOOX, 
the originator of the business, •will enable us to accomplish all we un- 
dertake. 



FIRST CONGREGATIONAL fHURCII. 



67 




FIRST CONGREGATIONAri CHURCH. 

This ancient Congregational Cliurch, the first in the metropolis, was 
regularly embodied at Charlestown, 27th August, 1630. In 1632, the first 
house of worship was built. It had mud walls and a thatched roof, and 
stood on the south side of what is now State street. The second meeting- 
house was erected in 1639, on the spot that " Joy's buildings " now occu- 
pies, in Washington street, and was burned down in the great fire of Oct. 
2, 17II. In 1808, the present house in Chauncy place was solemnly ap- 
propriated to Christian worship. 

PASTORS . 

J. Wilson, from 1632 to 1667. J. Cotton, from 1633 to 1652. J. Nor- 
ton, from 16.')6 to 1663. J. Davenport, from 166S to 1670, J. Allen, 
from 1668 to 1710. J. Oxenbridge, from 1670 to 1674. J. Moody, from 
1684 to 1692. J. Bailey, from 1693 to 1697. B. Wadsworth, from 1696 
10 1737. T. Bridge, from 1705 to 1715. T. Foxcraft, from 1717 to 1769. 
C. CiiAUNCY, D. D., from 1727 to 1787. J. Clarke, D. D., from 1778 to 
1798. W. Emerson, from 1799 to 1811. J. L. Abbott, from 1813 to 
to 1814. N. L. Fkothingham, D. D., from 1815. 



IJ 



[88) 

PIERCE BROTHERS & FLANDERS, 

IMFORTEES & JOBBERS 
DIIY GOODS, 

98 & lOO Iflilk Street, 

Charles W. Pierce, ) rr>,T»r^crp<Tr.nn i Carlos Pierce, 

George Pierce, j Li^lLl^iriillwo 1 Wm. M. Flanders. 

GEANT, WAEREN & CO., 



St4 WMtlliiMWi;®!! 
133 k 135 lEDEEAl STREET, 

BOSTOISr. 



Rags, Bleaching Powders, Soda Ash, Alum, Oil Vitriol, 
Ultramarine, Fourdrinier and Cylinder Machine Wires and 
Felts, and other articles in use by Paper Makers, constantly 
for sale. 



SECOND CHDRCH. 




NEW BRICK, OR SECOND CHURCH. 

The preceding cut represents the Second Church, Bedford Street, which 
belonged to the Society under Rev. R. C. "Ware. This Society was gath- 
ered in 1650. Their first edifice was built in North Square in 1649, burnt 
in 1676, rebuilt in 1677, and torn down for fuel by order of the British 
General Howe, in 1775. It was then called the Old North. The build- 
ing now represented was dedicated Nov. 10, 1852. In 1845 the Society 
sold a new Church built by them to the First Methodist Church, and in 
1850, purchased a Chapel in Freeman place, and soon afterwards pur- 
chased the above edifice. 

I»ASTOKS. 

John Mayo, from 1655 to 1672. Increase Mather, D. D. , from 1669 to 
1723. Cotton SIather, D.D., from 1685 to 1728. Joshua Gee, from 
1723 to 1748. Samuel Mather, D.D., from 1732 to 1741. Samuel Check- 
LETjJr. from 1747 to 1768. John Lathrop, D. D., from 1768 to 1816. 
Henry Ware, Jr., D. D., from 1817 to 1830. K. W. Emerson, from 
1829 to 1832. Chandler Robbins, ord. 1833, present Pastor. 



FIRST BAPTIST CHURCH. 




*12 



OLD SOUTH CHURCH. 




OliD SOUTH CHURCH, AVASHINGTON STREET. 

This Church was formed in Charleslown, on the 12ih and 16ih of the 
third month, i. e. of May, 1669, O. S. At its formation it consisted of 52 
members. There have been two buildings erected upon the spot where 
the Old South Church now stands, at the corner of Washington and Milk 
streets. The second, or present Church, of which the above is a repre- 
sentation, was first occupied for public worship on the 26th of April, 1730, 
O. S. 

PASTORS. 

Thomas Thatcher, from 1670 to 1678. S. Willard, from 1678 to 
1707. Ebenezer Pemberton, from 1700 to 1717. Joseph Sewall, D. D., 
fjom 1713 to 1769. Thomas Prince, from 1718 to 1758. Alexander 
CuMMiNG, from 1761 to 1763. Samuel Blair, from 1766 to 1769. John 
Bacon, from 1771 to 1775. John Hunt, from 1771 to 1775. Joseph Eck- 
ley, D. D., from 1779 to 1811. Joshua Huntington, from 1808 to 1819. 
Benjamin B. Wisner, D. D., from 1821 to 1832. Samuel H. Stearns, 
from 18.34 to 1836. George W. Blagden, D. D., installed September 28, 
1836, present Pastor. 




[69] 

The Oheapesfc and Best Ligtit yet produced* 

CELEBRATED 
SMOKE CONSUMING, 

PORTABLX2 KABIP. 

This Lamp produces from the poorest quality of OIL or Grease^ with- 
out odor, (the combustion being so perfect) as much Light as a medium 
Solar, at one quarter the expense — the Lamp holding but 2-5 of a pint 
of oil, and burns TWELVE HOUHS or more, producing a most Splendid 
Light — pleasant even to weak eyes — requiring little or no cleaning, and 
only Cotton Flannel for Wicks. 

PBICES, 83c, $1,00 $1,25, $1,50. 

As a reading or sewing Lamp, we have never seen its equal. — Boston 
Pathfinder. 

We can recommend them with confidence.— Vt. Chronicle. 

Free from any smoke or disagreeable smell, and the most economical 
contrivance now in use. — Boston Bee. 

We can safely recommend it to those who patronize the midnight oil. — 
Boston Traveller. 

We have one of the Lamps in use, and have found it answering well 
to what is claimed for it —Puritan Recorder. 

A new and excellent Lamp.— Hingham Journal. 
Sold Wholesale and Retail by S. N. & H. G. UFFORD, 117 Court St., 
Head of Sudbury, BOSTON. 

LEWIS 6. RICHARDSON, ~~ 

IMPORTER OF 

<&^<S)^<2)^ ^^^^^'^ ^'e,^^^^, 

3 merchants' Roir, 

JOHN MANSFIELD, 

[late firm MANSFIELD & KEMP,] 
JOBBER, Sc IDE.A.LEI?, IKT 

BOOTS, SHOES AND RUBBERS, 

No. 173 Hanover Street, 

A few doors below Blackstone Street, 



[tO] 




[7i] 

THOMAS E.MOSELEY& CO., 

IMPORTERS AND DEALERS IN 



Corner Summer and Hawley Streets, 

(OPPOSITE'C. F. HOVEY & CO.) 

T. E. MOSELET, ) "R r^C^T'/^lSJ / ^^^^- ^' MERRILL., 

RUFUS FOSTER, J -t> V^ k5 J- I^IM . | ELLERT PEABODT. 

CHARLES C. HOLBROOK & CO., 

For the past 20 years at 305 "Washington St., corner of Temple Avenue, 
have removed to the New and Spacious Store, No. 12 Summer, a few doors 
from Washington St. where can be found one of the best selected stocks of 

L^^CES, E3VrBE,OI3DEE,IES, 
Gloves of all kinds, Hosiery, Mitts, Mantillas, Ladies' and Infants' Wardrobes, 
complete, every description of Ladies'. Gent's and Children's Silk, Merino, and 
Cotton Vests and Drawers, Handkerchiefs of all prices, White Goods, &c. &c. 
Every article in this establishment is marked in plain figures, and one price 
strictly adhered to. All our friends and customers may rest assured of obtain- 
ing a good bargain, by favoring us with a call. 

IS STJilVvIlVnEK, ST- 12 
BOSTON. 

SO¥LE & WARD, 
Summer Street, Boiston, 

MANUFACTURERS OP 

LOOKING GLASSES, 

PICTURE FRAMES AXD MOUISmG, 

AND IMPORTERS OP 

Looking Glass Plates and Pictures. 

MARTIN ¥ALKO AND CO., 

FURRIERS, 

Importers of Children's French Hats, 

AND MANUFACTURERS OP 

All Styles of Children's Hats, Caps, 

LADIES' RIDING HATS, ETC., 

One Price. 16 Summer Street BOSTON. 

A good assortment of Dress Furs constantly on hand. 

MARTIN WALKO. CHARLES MARSH. PARKER MERRILL. 



BOSTOIsT 



MERCANTILE ACADEMY, 

Mercantile Building, Summer Street, 

This school recently located at No. 3 Winter Street, is now permanent- 
ly established in the beautiful and spacious rooms adjoining those of thi 
Mercantile Library Association. 

Instruction is given by a full and able corps of teachers, in the com- 
mon English Studies, Penmanship, Book-keeping, Mathematics, Lan- 
guages, and Drawing. 

Each student re ceiyes instruction as he needs it, while a separate 
room is prorided for those who prefer regular recitations in classes. 

XEACHERS : | 

L. B. Hanaford, A.M., I S. C. Bello, ■ 

J. W. Patson, I LuiGi Monti, 

C. F. Gerrv, a. M., I Henri List, 

S. H. FoLSOM, A. B., j Max Richter, 

Calvin S. Mixter, | J. \V. Tavernee. 

VISITORS : 

N. B. Shurtleff, M. D., I Rev. Otis A. Skinner, 

Jacob Sl eeper, Esq. David B. Tower, Esq 

Benj, B.Musset, Esq. I Wm. H Jameson, Esq 

HANAFOED & PAYSON, Proprietors. 

R, W. & J. E. ABBOTT, 

MERCHANT TAILORS, 

, No. 16 SUMMER STREET, 

Boom, No. 10 Mercantile Building, 

B0ST03^T. 

THE MOST FASHIONABLE j 

Broadclotlis, Cassimeres, Doeskins, and Vestings, ' 

Constantly on hand, and made up in style, at short notice i 



STONE CHAPEL. 




STONE CHAPKIi, TREMOXT STREET. 

This Society, originally Episcopalian, met with much opposition from 
the inhabitants of Boston, and it was only through the authority of Gov- 
ernor Andros, that they succeeded in performing the Church service pub- 
.icly in the Old South Church on the 23d of March, 1687. In the year 
1639 the first edifice, which was built of wood, was erected on the spot 
where the present one now stands, but did not occupy so much ground. 
In the year 1710 it was enlarged to nearly double its former size, and in 
1749 the corner-stone of the present edifice was laid by Governor Shirley. 
This Church is situated at the corner of School and Tremont streets. 
CLERGY 

R. Radclipfe, and R. Clark, from 1686 to 1689. S. Miles, from 1689 
to 1723. G. Hatton, A. M., from 1693 to 1696. C. Rudge, A. M., from 
1699 to 1706. H. Harris, from 1709 to 1729. R. Price, from 1729 to 
1746. T. Howard, A. M., from 1731 to 1736. A. Davenport, A. M., 
from 1741 to 1744. H. Cane, D. D., from 1741 to 1776. C. Brockwell, 
A. M., from 1747 to 1755. J. Troutbee, A. M., settled 1775, left 1775. J. 
Freeman, from 1783 to 1835. S. Gary, from 1809 to 1815. F. W. P. 
Greenwood, D. D., from 1824 to 1843. E. Peabody, present Pastor, 
settled in 184-. 



FRIENDS' MEETING-HOUSE. 




FRIENDS' MEETIXG-HOUSE, MILTOJV PLACE. 

There are but few Quakers in Boston. They occasionally hold meet- 
ings here, but the persons composing these meetings are generally resi- 
dents of other places ; they are chiefly from Lynn. 

Their Meeting-House is quite small, built of stone, and is a very neat 
edifice. It is in Milton Place, situated a little back from Federal street. 
Like the Friends themselves, it is so quiet and retired that a person might 
pass through the street a number of limes, and not observe the building. 
From the year 1664 to 1808, the Society of Friends held regular meetings 
in Boston. They built the first brick meeting-liouse in the town, in Brat- 
tle street, and another of similar materials in Congress street. The for- 
mer was sold in 1708, the latter was erected prior to 1717, and stood till 
April, 1825, when the building was sold and demolished. Connected with 
this house was a burial ground, in which the dead of the Society were in- 
terred. Their remains were removed to Lynn in the summer of 1826. 
The land was sold in 1827, and the stone building opposite the west end of 
Lindall street, occupies the site of the old Church. The first Quakers 
who came to Boston, arrived in May, 1656. The laws against the sect 
were very severe in the Colony, and every Quaker found in it was liable to 
the loss of one of his ears. Four were put to death. 



BRATTLE STREET CHURCH. 



73 




CHURCH IN BRATTLE SQUARE. 

This was the seventh religious Society formed in Boston. The earliest 
date of which it is mentioned, is January 10, 1698, when Thomas Brattle 
conveyed to them a piece of land known as Brattle's close, which now 
forms a part of the Church lot. The Church was early called the Mani- 
festo Church, from a declaration of principles published by the "under- 
takers " or founders of the Society. The first house of worship, a wooden 
building, was taken dovra in May, 1772, to make room for the one which 
now stands in Brattle Square, which was built upon the same spot, and 
consecrated July 25, 1773. 

PASTORS. 

B. CoLMAN, D. D., from 1699 to 1747. W. Cooper, from 1716 to 1743. 
S. CoopfeR, from 1746 to 1783. P. Thacher, from 1785 to 1802. J. S. 
BocKMiNSTER, from 1805 to 1812. E. Everett, D. D., LL. D., from 1814 
to 1815. J. G. Palfrey, D. D., from 1818 to 1830. S. K. Lothrop, D. D., 
installed June 17, 1834, present Pastor. 



96 



ST. PAUL'S CUDRCH. 




ST. PAUL'S CHURCH, TREMONT STREET. 

The corner-stone was laid September 4th, 1819, with appropriate solem- 
nities. The Church was consecrated June 30, 1820. 

This edifice is situated on Tremont street, between Winter and West 
streets, and fronts towards the Common, It is built of fine gray gran- 
ite, and is an imitation, so far as respects the architecture, of a Grecian 
model of the Ionic order. The body of the Church is about 112 feet long 
by 72 feet wide, and 40 feet high from the platform to the top of the cor- 
nice. The portico projects about 14 feet, and has six Ionic columns, 3 
feet 5 inches in diameter, and 32 feet high, of Potomac sandstone, laid in 
courses. The interior of St. Paul's ia remarkable for its simplicity and 
beauty. The ceiling is a cylindrical vault, with panels which span the 
whole width of the Church. It makes an imposing appearance, and is a 
credit to the city. 

RECTORS. 
Rev. Samuel Farmer Jartis, D. D., instituted July 7, 1820, connection 

dissolved August 22, 1825. 
Rev. ^LONZo Potter, D. D., inst. Aug. 29, 1826, dissolved Sept. 6, 1831. 
Rev. Dr. John S. Stone, inst. June 19, 1832, dissolved June 7, 1841. 
Rev. Alexander H. Vinton, instituted June, 1842, present Rector. 




[13] 

SEWING MACHINES. 

THE GBOTES & B&EEB 

SEWING MACHIIiE CO. 

Would respectfully give notice of 
the removal of their Sales-Room 
from Haymaeket Square to 

No. 18 SITMMEE STREET, 

In the Mercantile Building, at the 
corner of Hawley street., 

Where they have on view their 
different varieties of 

Varying in style and finish, and in price from Seventy-five to One Hun- 
dred and Fifty Dollars. Their latest style is a 

MIllY SEWING MAOniNE IN BOX, 

(box open, ready to operate machine,) 
LESS SPACE THAN A SQITAIIB FOOT! 

The price of these machines is placed so low that they are eagerly sought after 
by those who desire to make a 

SAVING OF TIME, LABOR AND MONEY. 

The same machine Is made ON TABLE, and any person wishing to purchase a 

Sewing Machine, will here find a large number of kinds, at all prices to 

choose from, adapted to any variety of sewing, either on Cloth, 

Leather, or any fabric. 

OFFICES. 

18 Summer Street, - . . Boston. 

405 Broadway, New York. 

42 So. Fourth Street, Phuadelphu. 

Cannon Street West, • • • • London. 

10 Rue Lepeletier, Paris. 

94 Sooth Bridge, Edingburgh. 

13 



[74] -'l 

UNITED STATES 

mm mm ^^miym:mm 

No. 9 MERCANTILE BUIEDINO, j 

ENTRANCE, 16 SUMMER STREET, BOSTON. 



This Institution commenced business in October of 3855, and hag 
already become the most extensive of any Institution of the kind in this 
country. The First Stock has all been taken up, and the Books for the 
second issue are now open. 

The Entrance Fee is Si on each Share. The regular Monthly Dues 
will be $2, and the ultimate par value $500. 

To such persons, Ladies, Gentlemen, or Children, as wish to deposit a 
few dollars, (or a larger sum) each month, from their income, where 
they can reap the benefit of a rapid and large accumulation, or to those 
who wish to become the owners of a homestead, or to improve, or to 
free one from incumbrance, there is no other Institution which offers 
facilities so good and safe. 

HON. JAMES BUFFINGTON, President. 

ALPHEUS P. BLAKE, Secretary. 

HARDWARE, METALS AND TOOLS. 

Corner of 
State St. 



No. 1 
Broad St. 

TIN PLATE, 
Sheet Iron, 
Boiler Plate, 
Galvanized Iron, 
SHEET BRASS, 
Sheet Copper, 
Sheet Lead, 
Sheet Zinc, 
Sheet Steel, 
BLOCK TIN, 
Bar Tin, 
Spelter, 
Lead, 
Antimony, 
Bismuth, 
Nickel. 



lAYICO. 



Iron Wire, 
Steel "Wire, 
Brass Wire, 
Copper Wire, 
Zinc Wire, 
Lead Wire, 
Tinned Wire, ' 
Annealed Wire, 
Ger. Silver Wire, 
Ger. Silver Sheets, 
Ger. Silver Tubing, 
Brass Tubing, 
Stub's Piles, 
Stub's Tools, 
Stub's Steel, 
Crucibles, 



CAST STEEL, 
Spring Steel, 
German Steel, 
Blistered Steel, 
EMERY, 
Anvils, Vises, 
Piles, Rasps, 
Nuts, Washers 
Rivets, Bolts, 
CHAINS, 
Smiths' Bellows, 
Portable Forges, 
Tinners' Tools, 
Tinners' Machines, 

Silversmiths' 
Rolls and Furnaces. 



No. 1 Broad Street, Boston. 



NEW SOUTH CHCRCH. 




NEW SOUTH CHURCH. 

This Church is situated at the junction of Summer and Bedford streets. 

The first meeting of the proprietors on record, was held " at the Bull, 
in Boston," July 14, 1715. The Church was dedicated January 8, 1717. 
The present edifice was dedicated December 29, 1814. 

PASTORS. 

Rev. Samuel Checkley, ord. April 15, 1719, died Dec. 1, 1769, aged 73. 

Rev. Penuel Bowen, ord. colleague, April 30, 1766, left May 12, 1772. 

Rev. Joseph Howe, ord. May 19, 1773, died August 25, 1775, aged 28. 

Rev. Oliver Everett, ord. January 2, 1782, left May 27, 1792, died Nor. 
19, 1802, aged 50. 

Rev. John Thornton Kirkland, ord. Feb. 5, 1794, left Nov. 4, 1810, in- 
ducted Pres. Harvard College, Nov., 1810, died April 26, 1840, aged 69. 

Rev. Samuel C. Thacher, ord. May 15, 1811, died Jan. 2, 1818, aged 32. 

Rev. F. W. P. Greenwood, ord. Oct. 21, 1818, left June 24, 1821, died 
Aug. 2, 1843, aged 46. 

Rev. Alexander Young, ord. Jan. 19, 1825. 



CHftlST CHURCH. 




CSIKIIST CHUKCH, SAt,EM STKEET. 
The corner-stone was laid in '1723, and the Church was opened for 
public worship the same year by the Episcopal denomination. It is 
situated on Salem Street, opposite the street leading to Copp's hill. It is 
built of brick, is 70 feet long, 50 feet wide, and 35 feet high, with a 
steeple 175 feet in height, haying an area of 24 feet square. This Church 
contains a set of eight bells (the only peal in the city), which were put 

up in 1774. 

RECTORS. 

Rer. Timothy Cotler, D. D., settled Dec. 29, 1723, died Aug. 7, 1765. 

Rev. James Gbeaton, settled May 80, 1760, left Aug. 31, 1767. 

ReT. Mather Btles, Jr., settled September, 1768, left April, 1776. 

Rev. Stephen Lewis, settled Aug., 1778, left Sept., 1784. 

Rev. WiLLUM Montague, settled June, 1787, left May, 1792. 

Rev. WmLUM Walter, D. D., settled May 29, 1792, died Dec. 5, 1800. 

Rev. Samuel Haskell, settled May, 1801, left Sept. 1803. 

Rev, Asa Eaton, D. D., settled Aug. 23, 1803, left May, 1829. 

Rev. Wm. Croswell, A. M., inst. June 24, 1829, left June, 1840. 

Rev. John Woart, A. M., instituted Nov. 1, 1840, left Jan., 1851. 

Rev. William T. Smithett, the present Pastor, was ordained in 18 51. 



[rS] 



MRS. G. W. ADAMS^ 





as IVIWTER STREET, 

(Removed from Washington Street, 

Owiiig to the continual de- 
Imand all through the past! 
' season for their peculiarly easy \ 

fitting COKSETS, they have 

been induced to order largely, 

and now Would offer the French 

English, and German Corsets 

at UNPRECEDENTED LOW PBICE3, 

together with all the beautiful 

varieties of Mrs. ADAMS' own 

French made Bodices, which 

are now too well known and i 

appreciated to need comment. 
It being the intention of Mrs. A. to sell all the Corsets that are to be sold 
in Boston this Spring, owing to the prices, she would beg <hat ladies will 
be ar in mind that 28 WINTER STREET, is the only place where Mrs. 
Adams is to be found, it being the impression with some persons that 
she still has a store, or Corset Wareroom, in her old neighborhood ; her 
desire is to guard her customers from such a mistake. 

Inquire of the Boston or New York Customs, who is the most exten- 
sive importer of Corsets in the States. They will tell you GEORGE W. 
ADAMS, of 28 "WINTER STREET. This establishment is conducted an 
the most liberally low priced principles, and is at all times posted and 
amply supplied with every style of Bodice, Jacket or Corset in vogue. 
One or the other of this House is in Europe, conducting the manufactur- 
ing and shipping the goods to this country^these facilities affording the 
means to sell much less than others in the business, together with a de- 
termination to keep the lead by disposing of both low and high priced 
goods at a very fraction of profit. It is well known that Mrs. Adams has 
long been at the head of her profession, having had during thirty years 
much experience and opportunity for cultivating business talent in the 
best French and English schools ; also, she being the first woman Paten- 
tee in America. The celebrated 

ADAMS' PATENT ABDOMINAL SUPPOETER, 

so justly pronounced by Sir Astlet Cooper and Sir James Clark, as 
th»- cleverest thing of its kind, is her own invention. Those in need of 
this article will please make personal application as above. 
For sale, the 

FRENCH PATENT WERLEY CORSET, 

of the Boston Agent, as above. 

Dealers can be supplied with Mrs. Adams' French Busts, for the ex- 
hibition of Corsets. They may also be furnished with her French Me- 
allie Cuts for advertising. 



[76] 
WINCHESTER'S HOT AIR RADIATOR. 




This Stove was introduced last season, and some eight hundred of tliem sold, 
\?hich, with scarce an exception, have given entire satisfaction. It is construct- 
ed on the Hot Air Furnace principle, not only giving all the benefit of the heat 
derived from the fuel, but constantly receiving into tlie air chamber the cold air 
from the room, and after it becomes rarified, passing it back again into the room. 
It is so constructed that when desired you can warm the room in which it stands 
and carry hot air to a room over, warming it sutficiently for all purposes. _ Hay- 
ing made some improvements, and added one more size, making four sizes in 
all, we now offer the Hot Air Radiator to the public as the best stove for all heat- 
ing purposes, that can be found. Also, Cooking Stoves of most approved patterns 
and various heating Stoves at lowest market prices. 

I. T. fVISrCBLESTER, Manufacturers' Agent* 
116 & 117 Blackstone Street, Boston 



FEDERAL STREET CHURCH. 



77 




FEDERAL STREET CHURCH. 

The Society worshipping in this house belongs now to the Congrega- 
tional denomination, but was originally Presbyterian. The Presbyterian 
was exchanged for the Congregational form of government, by a unani- 
mous vote, August 6, 1786. Three houses of worship have stood on this 
same spot. The present house was dedicated November 23, 1S09. 

The house is of the Gothic style of architecture, built of brick and sur- 
mounted by a wooden spire. In the building which preceded this, the 
State Convention sat which adopted the Constitution of the United Slates 
in 1788, and in consequence the name of the street was changed from Long 
lane, which it originally bore, to Federal street. 

PASTORS. 
Rev. John Moorhead, settled March 31, 1730, died December 2, 1773. 
Rev. Robert Annan, inst. 1783, dismissed 1786. 
Rev. Jeremy Belknap, D. D., inst. April 4, 1737, died June 16, 1798. 
Rev. John S. Popkin, D. D., ord. July 10, 1799, dis. November 28, 1802, 
Rev. William E. Channing, D. D., ord. June 1, 1803, died Oct. 2, 1842. 
Rev. Ezras. Gannett, D. D., ordained June 30, 1824, present Pastor. 



78 



HOLLIS STREET CHURCH. 




HOL.LIS STREET CHURCH. 

This Church was gathered November 14, 1732. The first Church of 
wood, was built on the ground where the present church stands, in 1732, 
and was destroyed by fire in 1787, The second church, also of wood, was 
built in 1788, and was taken down and removed to Braintree, in 1810. 
The present edifice was built the same year, and was dedicated January 1, 
1811. The Church, which is of brick, is 79^ feet by 76, exclusive of the 
tower. It contains 130 pews on the lower floor, and 38 in the gallery, be- 
sides seats for the choir. The steeple is 196 feet high. Hollis Street 
Church is Unitarian in sentiment. 

MINISTERS. 

Rev. Mather Byles, ordained Dec. 20, 1733, left Aug. 9, 1776. 

Rev. Ebenezer Wight, ordained Feb. 25, 1778, left 1788. 

Rev. Samuel West, installed March 12, 1789, died April 10, 1803. 

Rev. Horace Holley, installed March 9, 1809, dis. Aug. 24, 1818. 

Rev. John Pierpont, ordained April 14, 1819, left 1845. 

Rev. David Fosdick, Jr, settled 1846, left 1847. 

Rev. Thomas Starr King, present Pastor, installed December, 1848. 



177] 
CHAMPION DOUBLE OVEN COOKING EANGE. 

This Range, of 
which there are 



fl/^ 



seven sizes, suited 
to the smallest 
private family, or 
largest public 
house, we offer to 
the public with 
full assurance 
that it cannot be 
surpassed. The 
ovens are placed 
on either side of 
the fire chamber, 
convenient to get 
at, large size, and 
warranted to bake 
in the most per- 
fect manner. Ei- 
ther oven may be 
used separately, 
when desired, and 
at the same time 
the other remains 

in fine condition for keeping food warm, or they can be set with only one 
oven, if desired. Hot water and hot air fixtures for the Champion, are of 
the most approved and powerful character. Great inducements will be 
offered to all who will favor us with a call. 




THE CHAMPION PORTABLE RANGE. 

A new and beautiful ar- 
ticle, of which there are 
three sizes. This is just 
the Range for those who 
desire the advantages of a 
Cooking Range, and have 
either no fit place to set a 
brick Range, or do not wish 
to go to so great an ex- 
pense as is incurred by a 
set Range, as in this you 
derive all these advantages 
at a materially less ex- 
pense, and have a Range 
that can be moved from 
place to place, when desir- 



I. T. WINCHESTER, 

Manufacturers' Agent, 
115 & 117 Blackstone Street 

BOSTON. 




[5-81 

iiiisi sriii iiiiii m» 

Organized June 16, 1853. 

OTIS TUFTS AND OTHERS, Proprietors. 

( Mr. Otis Tufts who has been long and favorably known as an efficient 

Engineer and Machinist, retains his connection in the capacity 

of President and Principal Engineer of the Company.) 

Manufacturers of Tufts' Stationary Steam Engines^ 

Marine Engines, Mining Pumps, and Mill "Work generally. 
Iron Hulls for Steamers and Sailing Vessel.s, constructed upon a new 
plan, patented by Mr. Otis Tufts, whereby greater strength and safety 
are attained, than by any other known plan. 

Also, SUGAR MILL MACHINERY &o STEAM APPARATUS, 

COMPLETE FOR MAKING SUGAR. 

Also, HIGH AND LO^W PKESSURE BOILERS, 

AND BOILER PLATE WORK GENERALLY. 
Having the largest and most complete assortment of Patterns for Stationary 
Engines and Sugar Blill Machinery in the United States, we are prepared to 
furnish any Machinery of this description at the shortest notice, and warrant 
it to run with the greatest economy of fuel, and to be equal, if not superior, 
to that of any other builders. 

WORKS, FOOT OF WEBSTER ST., EAST BOSTON, Mass. 

Otis Tufts, President. \ Address, OTIS TUFTS, Agent, 

L. A. BiGELOW, Treasurer. ) boston, mass. 

TO STOVE AND LANTERN MANUFACTURERS. 

SHEET ISINGLASS OR MICA, 

For Compass Cards, Signal, Battle, Engine, Common and other 
Lanterns ; Stove, Furnace Doors, &e., wholesale and retail. 

The above article is superior to any thing ever used for the above purposes, on account of no t 
breaking or burning, but standing the most intense heat, AUo, for Mineialogists and others. Elegant 
Specimens of MICA, FELDSPAR. CRYSTALLINE, QUARTZ, &o. Also, BAFETV LANTERNS of 
various sixes, a very superior article warranted not to break by falling, and are decidedly the safest, 
cheapest, and best of the kind in use. Constantly for Sale, on the most reasonable terms, at 

STo. 21 Union Street, Boston. 

GEORGE H. KITGGLES. 

N. B. The Isinglass or Mica vrlll be cut to any reasonable size, if requested. All orders for the 
article promptly attended to, and thankfully received. 




J. M. COOK, 125 Congress Street, Boston, manufactures all kinds of 
Stained, Cut, Enamelled, Flock and Ground Glass, 

Suitable for Side Lights, Panel Lights, Sky Lights, Church and other Ornamental 
Windows. Also, Shades, Globes, Entry Lanterns, Door Plates, Coach and 
Lantern Lights, &c. Lead and Metal Sashes made to order. 

OS- Ground, Enamelled, Flock, Stained, Plate, Crown, German and Amer- 
ican GLASS, wholesale and retail. 



TRINITY CHURCH. 



79 




TRINITY CHURCH, SUMMER STREET. 

The corner-stone of the first edifice was laid April 15, 1734, by Rer. 
Roger Price, minister of King's Chapel, as Commissary of the Bishop of 
London. It was first opened for divine worship Aug. 15, 1734. The old 
Church was taken down Aug., 1828, and the new Church was consecrated 
Nov. 11, 1829. 

PASTORS. 

Rev. Addington Davenport, inducted May 8, 1740, died Sept. 8, 1746. 
Rev. William Hooper, inducted Aug. 28, 1747, died April 5, 1767. 
Rev. Wm. Walter, D. D., Asst. Min. Oct. 1763, Rector 1767, left 1775. 
Rev. Samuel Parker, D. D., Asst. Min. 1774, Rector 1779, d. Dec. 7, 1804. 
Rev. John S. J. Gardiner, D. D., Asst. Min. 1792, Rector, 1805, d. 1830. 
Rev. George W. Doane, D. D., Asst. Min. 1828, Rector 1830, left 1833. 
Rev. John H. Hopkins, D. D., Asst. Min. Feb., 1831, left Nov., 1832. 
Rev. Jonathan M. Wainwright, D. D., Rector Mar., 1833, left Jan., 1838. 
Rev. John L. Watson, Asst. Min. June 1, 1836. 
Rt. Rev. Manton Eastburn, D. D., Rector 1843. 
Rev. Thomas M. Clark, Asst. Min. 1847, left 1851. 
Rev, Henry Vandyke Johns, D. D., Asst. Min., elected May, 1851. 
_ ." 



[79] 







Leaders and Introducers of Fashions for 

G"E3srTX.E:]iva:E3sr='s h^^^ts, 

ASTOR HOUSE, NEW YORK. 

The importations and manufactures of this celebrated house, are for 
sale at the counters of 

IVES & TUTHIII, 

Albion BniUing, comer of Tremoot and Beaton Streets, Boston. 

EVERS, BOCK & SCHLEGEL, 

Nursery at Brighton. 

COR. TREMONT AND BEACON STREETS, 

Under tlie Albion, BOSTON. 

Dealers in Seeds, Flowering Plants, Vines and Shrubs, Fruit and Orna- 
mental Trees, Bulbous Flower Roots, Fruit, Preserves, Cut 
Flowers, Boquets, Gardening Implements, &c. 



aUSTAYE EVERS. 



JESOME BOCK. 



ADAM SCHLEaEL. 



[80] 

HOMEOPATHIC BOOKS AND MEDICINES. 

Writings of Emanuel Swedenborg, Philosophical and Theological. 

ALSO, 

NEW CHURCH WORKS GENERALLY, 
Phonographic and Phonetic Works, 

Wholesale and retail. For sale by 

OTIS CI.APP, 

Albion Buildingf, 3 Seacon Street. 

MESSINGER & BEOTHER, 

V. J. ME8SINGER.J Mills at Canton, Mass. 

VERD-MTIdllB MIRBLE COMPANY, 

City Exchange, Devonshire St., 

(Office No. 32.) 

Treasur'er and Agent. \ ® ® 8 I ® H ♦ 

The Company will furnish their Marble either in the Block or Slabs, a 

their Quarries in Roxbury, Vermont, for Columns, Pilasters, 

Wainscoting, Panelling, and for all other Ornamental 

Building purposes. Also, 

For Monuments, Pedestals, for Statuary, 

Chimney Pieces, Tables, Pannels 

for Purniture, &c. 

0C?*"A1I orders addressed to their Agent will receive prompt attention. 



80 



MAVERICK CHURCH. 




The Maverick Church, at East Boston, was gathered in May, 1836, and 
consistedof 10 members. It was recognized by the sister churches on 
the 3l8t of May, 1836, by the name of the First Congregational Church in 
East Boston, which name was subsequently changed to its present. 

The Society worshipping with the Church, was incorporated by the Leg' 
islature in 1838, by the name of the Maverick Congregational Society. 

The first house of worship was built and dedicated in 1837. The So 
ciety continued to occupy this house until 1844, when the present struc- 
ture was erected. The building is centrally and eligibly situated on the 
comer of Sumner Street and Maverick Square, and is of suflScient capacity 
to accommodate from 700 to 800 persons. The Church at the present 
time (May, 1851) contains 153 members. 

Rev. William W. Newell, the first Pastor, installed July 19, 1837, left 

July 21, 1841. 
Rev. Amos A. Phelps, installed March 2, 1842, left June 2, 1845. 
Rev. Robert S. Hitchcock, installed Nov. 18, 1846, left Nov. 6 ,1850. 
Rev. RuFDS W. Clark was installed in 1851. 



[81] 



JOBEPH BUCKLEY. 



CHAS. P. BANCKOfT. 




BUCKLEY & BANCROFT, 

nnhttnxn'B, ^.^l^ishttxnn, 

AND 

WHOLESALE DEALEBS IN 
PARTICULAR ATTENTION GIVEN TO 

mimm ims ii pern mm 

WITH RICH CUSTOM-MADE FURNITURE. 

CumdUir C^amhr |[uruitiire, 

Finished in Gold, Fresco, Flowers, Landscape, Plain & Ornamental Styles' 

Over Boston and Worcester Passenger Station, 

or?" Entrance froai Beach, Lincoln and Albany Streets. ..£2 



[83] 

CLOCK AND BALANCE 

ESTABLISHMENT OF 

HOWARD & DAVIS, 

Have Removed from 34 Water Street, to 

-is ooE^asruiiuij, bostoust, 

WHEEE MAT BE FOUND AN ASSORTMENf OF 

For Tower, Gallery, Rail Road Station, Bank, Hall 
and Office use, of a variety of sizes and styles. 

WATCH CLOCKS, 

For Railroad Stations, Factories, or Buildings where 
Night "Watchmen are employed. 

mm mmwikm ^^ihikMm, 

Weighing with exactness from 1 grain to 5,000 pwts. 
LiETTER BALANCES, 

Of the pattern adopted by and made for the United 

States Post Office Department. 

DRUGGISTS AND PRESCRIPTION SCALES. 

fCT^ All the Work from this Establishment is warranted for accuracy 
and performance. 

References given in any part of the Country, (as to the quality and 
durability of our Manufactures and to the principal Railroads, Manu- 
facturing Establishments and Banks. 

EDWARD HOWARD. 



BALDWIN PLACE BAPTIST CHUKCH. 




BAIiDAVIN PliACE BAPTIST CHURGH. 

This church was organized July 27, 1743. At its formation it consisted 
of seven members. The first Meeting-House was dedicated March 15, 
1746, enlarged in 1788, and again enlarged in 1797. The corner-stone of 
the present edifice was laid May 28, 1810, and the house was dedicated 
Jan. 1, 1811. The present church is built of brick, and its dimensions 
are 80 feet by 75, exclusive of a tower 38 by 18. The first sermon 
in the old meeting-house, was preached March 15, 1746. The latter was 
originally a frame building, 45 by 33 feet, finished in a plain style, and 
contained a fount or cistern in which the members were immersed. 
P ASTOKS. 

Rev. Ephraim Boand, ordained Sept. 7, 1743, died June 18, 1765. 

Rev. John Davis, ordained Sept. 9, 1770, dismissed July 19, 1772. 

Rev. Isaac Stillman, D. D., commenced Sept. 1773, left Oct. 7, 1787. 

Rev. Thomas GAiR,inst. April 22, 1788, died April 27, 1790. 

Rev. Thomas Baldwin, D. D., inst. Oct. 11, 1790, died Aug. 29, 1825. 

Rev. James D. Knowles, ord. Dec. 28, 1825, dis. Sept. 20, 1832, 

Rev. Babon Stow, D. D., inst. Nov. 15, 1832, left July 1, 1848. 

Rev. Levi Tucker, D. D., settled Dec. 31, 1848. 

Rev. Thomas F. Caldicott, present pastor, ordained in 1853. 



FIRST UNIVEUSALIST CHURCH. 




FIRST UIVIVERSAL.IST CHURCH, HANOVER 
STREET. 

In the year 1785, the society of the late Samuel Mather sold their place 
of worship to Shippie Townsend and bthers. In 1792, the then proprietors 
voted to enlarge the house. In 1793, Rev. John Murray, who had preached 
for the Society for several years, was installed as Pastor. In 1806, the So- 
ciety was incorporated by an Act of the Legislature. In 1838, the old 
house WcLs removed, and a new and commodious brick church erected on 
the same spot. It was dedicated on the first day of January, 1839. 

From this Society, in about half a century, have emanated several oth- 
er Societies, who have erected for themselves places of worship in the 
city and vicinity, all of which are fully attended. 
PASTORS. 

Rev. John Murray, installed 1793. 

Rev. Edward Mitchell, installed 1810. 

Rev. Paul Dean, installed 1813. 

Rev. Sebastian Streeter, installed 1824. 



CATHEDRAL OP THE HOLY CROSS. 



S3 




CATHEDRAIi OP THE HOLY CROSS, FRANKLIN 
STREET. 

This Church was consecrated by Rt. Rev. Dr. Carroll, on the 29th of 
September, 1803. It was afterwards considerably enlarged by Bishop Fen- 
wick, who also, in 1827, converted the basement into a Chapel capable of 
containing 2,000 children. Rev. J. J. Williams has the charge of it. 

This Church is situated on Franklin street, is of large size, and capable 
of containing a very great number of persons. The architecture is of the 
Ionic order, after a plan given by Charles Bulfinch, Esq. 

PASTORS. 
Rev. Francis Matignon, D, D., from 1803 to 1810. 
Rt. Rev. Dr. Cheverus, from 1810 to 1823. 
Very Rev. William Taylor, from 1S23 to 1825. 
Rt. Rev. B. Fenwick, installed December, 1825, died August 11, 1846. 
Rt. Rev. John B. Fitzpatrick, succeeded Bishop Fenwick in 1846, and is 

the present Bishop. 



[83] 
A. M. RICE'S PATENT IMPROVED 

AIR WARMING AND VENTILATING FURNACES. 




Designed for oil descriptions of Buildings, Cliurches, Dwelling Houses, Stores, 
School Houses, &c. 
The late improvements in these Furnaces, including the Dome Top and Ai r 
Tight Joints, have made them the most perfect articles of the kind ever invent- 
ed, and the best in the world, without any exceptions. This Furnace diflfers es- 
sentially from others, inasmuch as in the construction of it, the true theory of 
consuming every particle of combustible matter contained in the coal, has been 
kept in view. Having a much larger radiating surface, by actual measurement, 
together with a greater length of flue, than any other furnace, and the gas from 
he coal being retained in the Dome Top of the fire chamber until it is entirely 
consumed, all the heat is thus obtained from the fuel. 



[84] 




An oven of the largest size can be set with these Furnaces, without 
being in any way injurious to their operation, and as a large number of 
these Furnaces are now in use, both with and without the ovens, all of 
which have given entire satisfaction, any amount of reference can be 
given. 

In regard to durability, which is a very essential item in an article of 
this kind, it will be found, by comparing the weight of the castings with 
the prices, that the weight is one third more than any other Furnace 
ever offered for the same money. 

The above assertions are not made as an idle boast; the public are In- 
vit«d to examine for themselves, and the world is challenged to produce 
its equal, and to prove them by actual trial. 

Sold Wholesale and Retail at the Proprietor's 

Stove, Kange and Furnace Rooms, 
Nos. 38 So 40 Friend Street, corner of Market St., Boston. 



SHAWMUT CONGREGATIONAL CHURCH. 



SHAWMUT AVENUE. 



-^ >-^-<:^ 



This Church! 
■was organize 
with fifty mem- 
bers Nov. 20, 1845, 
under the auspi- 
ces of the City 
Missionary Socie- ; 
ty, and worship- 
ed in a chapel 
erected by that so- 
ciety till the fall of 
1851, when it was 
removed, and the 
fine Church edi- 
fice which now 
adorns the south 
part of the city, 
erected thereon by 
,, the Shawmut So- 
^ ciety, and was 
dedicated Nov. 18, 
,-^1852. It is built on. 
^i Shawmut Ave- 
p;^ nue, nearly front- 
'^z- ing Blackstone 
=_ Square, in one of 
r^£^ the pleasantest 
parts of the city. 
It is of the Roman- 
esque style and 
reflects much cre- 
dit on the design- 
er, J. D. Towle, 
Esq., Architect, of 
this city. The ed- 
ifice is built of 
brick, with a mas- 
tic front ; 100 feet 
deep by 66 feet 
broad, having a 
graceful spire ris- 
ing to the height 
of 190 feet. This 
church is univer- 
sally admired, and 
is believed to be 
as nearly perfect 
in its arrange- 
ments as any in 
the city. Its spa- 
cious vestibules 
and lecture rooms, 
its "ladies' draw- 
ing room" and an- 
te-rooms are all 
admirably_ fitted 

for their intended purposes. The auditory is 75 feet by 63, and contains 140 pews, includ- 
ing the singing gallerv, and when the side galleries are put in, as designed.will seat aoout 
1(K)0 people. Its neatly frescoed walls, its beautiful rosewood pulpit, its fine large organ, 
(built under the superintendence of Mr. Thomas Appleton) , its well furnishedpews, au 
combined, present to the eye the utmost harmony of good taste and simplicity, ine pros- 
pects of the society are very encouraging. 

PASTOKS. 
Rev. George Oviatt, inst . Nov. 20, 1845 ; dis. March 28, 1849. 
Rev. "William Cowper Foster, inst. Oct. 25, 1849 ; dis. December 30, 1851. 




CHRISTIAN CHURCH. 



85 




CHRISTIAN CHURCH, 

TYLEE STREET, COENER OP KNEELAND. 

This Church was organized July 1, 1804, -with seven members. Their first 
meetings were held in a large wooden building in Friend Street, then adjoining 
the Mill Pond. They afterwards occupied a hall in Bedford Street till Dec. 29, 
1825, when they entered and dedicated the brick church at the corner of Summer 
and Sea Streets, where they continued to worship until October, 1852, when they 
sold their house for the purpose of a more convenient location, and worshipped in 
a vestry at the corner of Beach St. and Harrison Avenue, while building another 
house on the corner of Tyler and Kneeland Streets, which was completed and 
dedicated Sept. 29, 1853. 

This church edifice which we represent above, is finished in a neat, chaste 
and most appropriate manner. It will seat about 600 persons, and cost $20,000. 

PASTORS. 
Rev. Abner Jones, from 1804 to 1807; suppHed from 1807 to ISIG. Rev.Elias Smith, 
from 1816 to 1817; supplied from 1817 to 1819. Rev. Simon Clough, from 1819 
to 1824 ; supplied from 1824 to 1825. Rev. Charles Morgridge, from 1825 to 1826 
supplied from 1826 to 1828. Rev. Isaac C. Goff, from 1828 to 1829. Rev. J. V 
Himes, from 1830 to 1837. Rev. Simon Clough, from 1837 to 1839. Rev. Edwin 
Buraham, from 1839 to 1840. Rev. J. S. Thompson, from l&il to 1843. Rev. E 
Edmunds since August 1, 1843, and is the present pastor. 

■ - 



mi 

I M. BARNARD & CO., 
DISTILLERS OF NEW ENGLAND RUM, 

ALCOHOL AND CORDIALS. 

16 ADAIIIS STREET, 

OFFICE, 

IS iiiri iiiiif if iiifa 



Particular attention paid to the 

Manufacture of Alcohol for 
Fluid Purposes. 

Town Agents supplied on the most 
liberal terms, 

According to the recent Liquor Statue of the State. 

JOUN M. BARNARD. HENRY A, FULLER. 



METHODIST CHURCH. 




SOUTH BOSTON METHODIST EPISCOPAL. 

The Methodist Episcopal Church in South Boston originated in the 
summer of 1834, under the labors of Rev. Abel Stevens, then pastor of the 
Methodist congregation in Church street. He commenced occasional 
preaching in a private room which had been procured by a few pious indi- 
viduals for the purpose of holding a public prayer meeting. The numbers 
attracted by the interesting and eloquent address of Mr. Stevens, soon 
rendered it necessary to seek a more ample place of worship. "Harding's 
Hall" was procured, which they entered Oct. 31, 1834. In May, 1836, 
they removed to "Franklin Hall," and left in 1840. 

Their house of worship, having a pleasant central location on D street, 
between Fourth street and Broadway, was consecrated for Divine service 
June 17, 1840. It is a plain, neat edifice, of the Gothic style of architec- 
ture, and capable of seating about 550 persons. Thi.s Chapel in 1851 was 
enlarged and remodelled. The basement was raised six feet. 
PASTORS. 

F. P. Tracy, 1836. O. R. Howard, 1837. J. Macreading, 1838. J. 
MuDGE, Jr., 1839. H. C. DtTNHAM, 1840. I. A. Savage, 1841 -42. J. 
Whitman, 1843-44. J. W. Merrill, 1845. G. F. Poole, 1846-47. 
H. V. Degen, 1848-49. E. Cooke, 1850-51. 




:CHOLS, LEAVITT& CO., Manufacturers of Howe's improved Sewing Machines, 
table for Silk, Cotton, or Linen Thread, with or without wax, adapted to sewing all 
jds of Cloth or Leather. Gore Block, opposite Revere House, Boston; No. 411 Broad- 
y. New York. Price $90 to $150. Also, Patent Binding Folders and Hemming Guides 
hand. Silks, Needles and Thread for sale at lowest Cash Prices. 



♦15 



[88] 



Dickinson Type Fomidry, 



BOSTON, MASS. 



LETTEK-PBESS PRINTINa 

OP 

EVERY VARIETY, 

"Willi whatever else may be required from a 
Constantly for sale by 

PHELPS & DALTON, 

52 Washington Street. 




IRON RAILINGS, 

FOR 

Cemeteries, Gardens, Buildings, &c.,&c. 

J. I. HEALEY, 
No. 51 Sudbury Street, .... Boston. 



CHUECH OF THE HOLY TRINITr. 



87 




CHTJKCH OF THE HOLY TBINITY, 

SUFFOLK STREET. 

This building was erected in 1842—3, the comer-stone having been laid on the 
29th June, 1842, by Bishop Fenwick. The people who attend religious service 
here, are all German origin, and number about 3000, some of them being residents 
of Exjxbury and other adjoining towns. 

The first pastor connected with this church, was the Rev. Francis Rolof ; the 
second. Rev. G. H. Plathe ; the third. Rev. Alexander Martini ; the fourth and 
present pastor is the Rev. Gustave Eck, assisted for a time by Rev. Francis 
Lachat, who has been succeeded during the past year by Rev. Aloysius Janalik. 

In the vestry of this church, and in the building adjoining, are four schools 
numbering collectively about 200 pupils, who are taught in German in the 
forenoon, and in English in the afternoon. 



FIRST INDEPENDENT BAPTIST CHURCH. 




FIRST INDEPENDEM' BAPTIST CHURCH, 
BELKNAP STREET. 

This Church was constituted under the title of the " African Baptist 
Church," on the 5th day of August, A. D. 1805. It was incorporated 
under its present title, A. D. 1833. 

The building was erected for the use of colored persons, and was dedi- 
cated in December, 1806, when the Rev. Thomas Paul was installed as 
minister. The house is 43 by 40 feet, of 3 stories, and built of brick. 

The building, which was built by subscription, is situated in a court 
near Belknap street, adjoining the "Smith School " edifice. It is very 
plain and commodious, being capable of seating 600 persons. The pro- 
prietors have it in contemplation, if the necessary means can be raised, to 
modernize, and otherwise improve the premises. 
PASTORS. 

T. Pattl, from 1805 to 1829. W. Christian, ind. 1832, left 1832. S: 
GoocH, from 1832 to 1834. J. Given, from 1834 to 1835. A. Archer, 
from 1836 to 1837. G. H. Black, from 1838 to 1841. J. T. Raymond, 
from 1842 to 1847. W. B. Serrington, from 1847 to 1849. A. T. Wood, 
Inst. 1850, left 1S50. W. Thompson, settled October, 1850, present Pas- 
tor. 




BARNES, JENNINGS & CO. 
FURNITURE AND UPHOLSTERY WAREROOMS, 

D. C. Barnes, 1 BOSTON". 

E. Jennings, > 

^ScCoTey's patent Befrigerators. Tucker's Patent Sprine.Bed. 



[90] 



G. L. RANDIDGE, 

MILITARY, NAVAI AND CITIZEN'S 
No. 25 SCHOOL STREET, BOSTON. 



Allow me to call your attention to several original styles 
of COATS made in Paris, to my order. These Garments 
will be open to the inspection of gentlemen, for a few days 
previous to being disposed of. 

You are respectfully invited to examine a NEW STOCK 
of CHOICE GOODS, which has been selected by me with 
great care, from recent importations. 

I^^ Garments warranted satisfactory, and at prices reduced 
from former seasons. 

GEORGE L. RANDIDGE, 25 School Street. 




DR. PHELPS' 

TRUSSES, SUPPORTERS AND BRACES- 

The great number of radical cures of Hernia within the last few 
years, by the use of Dr. J. W. Phelps' Spiral Spring Trusses, has given 
them preference over all others. His apparatus for the correction and 
cure of all kinds of deformities are used at the Massachusetts General 
Hospital, and are recommended by the first Surgeons in Europe and 
America. 

At the Sign of the Golden Eagle, 
No. 68 TBEMONT STREET, BOSTON. 



THIRD BAPTIST CHDRCH. 




THIRI> BA.PTIST CHURCH, CHA.RI.£S STREET, 

This Church, consisting originally of 19 members from the Second 
Baptist Church, and of 5 from the First, was constituted August 5, 1807. 
On the same day the Meeting-House was dedicated to the worship of God. 
It is built of brickj'and exclusive of the tower, is 75 feet square. It is an 
elegant edifice, adorned with a cupola and bell, and cost $27,000. That 
portion of the street on which this Church was built, was reclaimed from 
the flats. The bell here used, was the first used in Boston by the Bap- 
tists. 

On the 5th of October, 1807, Rev. Caleb Blood, of Shaftsbury, Vt. , 
accepted an invitation to become its Pastor, and the relation between Mr. 
Blood and the Church was dissolved Jun« 5, 1810. Rev. Daniel Sharp, 
D. D., entered on his pastoral labors on the first Sabbath in March, 1812, 
although he was not installed until the 29th of April, 1812. 

Dr. Lowell, of the West Church, is the oldest pastor in Boston now 
ofiiciating. Settled in 1806. Dr. Sharp, of this Church, at the time of 
his death, was the next. Settled in 1812. 

Rev. J. C. Stockbridge, present Pastor, was settled in 1852. 



90 



PARK STREET CHURCH. 




. PARK STREET CHURCH, 

(As seen from the Common, near the big Elm.) 

This Church was gathered February 27, 1809. At its formation it con- 
sisted of 26 members. The corner-stone of the church edifice was laid 
May 1, 1809, and consecrated January 10, 1810. 

This Church is situated at the corner of Tremont and Park streets, — 
one of the most commanding and delightful spots in the city. The archi- 
tectural beauty of the spire, elevated 218 feet above the pavement, adds 
much to the appearance of the metropolis, and forms one of its most 
striking features when viewed from the harbor or the surrounding country. 

Number of members in July, 1S42, 596, of whom 432 are females. 
PAS TORS . 

E. D. Griffin, from 1811 to 1815. S. E. Dwight, from 1817 to 1826. 
E. Beecher, from 1826 to 1830. J. H. Linsley, foom 1832 to 1835. S. 
Aiken, from 1837 to 1848. A. L. Stone, present Pastor, installed Janu- 
ary 25, 1849. 



HAWES PLACE CHURCH. 




HAWES PliACE CHURCH, SOUTH BOSTON. 

The Hawes Place Congregational Society was incorporated in the year 
1818. The Church was formed Oct. 27, 1819, and consisted of 14 members. 
The Church was built in 1832, and dedicated January 1st, 1833. 

This society in South Boston originated in the desire of a few individu- 
als, mostly of the Rev. Dr. Harris's congregation in Dorchester, to be ac- 
commodated with a nearer place of worship. 

The appearance of the Church has lately been greatly improved by re- 
moving the steps in front, and by other alterations. 

Mr. Hawes, the founder of the Church, died Jan. 20, 1826, aged 88 years, 
leaving by his will sufficient funds for the support of the ministry. 

The first minister, Mr. Wood, received ordination as an Evangelist, from 
a Council assembled at Weymouth, Nov. 13, 1821, and died in 1822, with- 
out sustaining a pastoral relation to the society. The Rev. Lemuel Capen 
was invited to become their minister Jan. 28, 1823, and sustained this re- 
lation to the society without a formal installation, in consequence of his 
connection with the Public School. He was installed as Pastor, Oct. 31, 
1827, and left in 1839. Rev. Charles C. Shackford was ordained May 19, 
1841, left 1844. Rev. George W. Lippet was ordained 1844, left 1851. The 
pulpit is at present unsupplied. 



92 



ST. Matthew's church. 




ST. MATTHEW'S PROTESTANT EPISCOPAIi 
CHURCH, SOUTH BOSTON. 

This Church was organized in March, 1816, and for about two years ser- 
vices were held in the school-house, conducted by a lay reader. The 
services of the Protestant Episcopal Church were celebrated for the first 
time, in that part of the city called South Boston, on Sunday, March 31, 
1816. 

This Church is situated on Broadway, and is a neat and commodious 
brick building. The expenses of its erection were chiefly defrayed by be- 
nevolent members of Trinity and Christ Churches. 
PASTOKS. 

From IBIS, till 1824, the public services were performed by laymen, or 
by clergymen who made occasional visits to the Church. The first or- 
dained minister was 

Rev. J. L. Blake, June, 1824, left June, 1832. 

Rev. M. A. D'W.HowE, Aug., 1832, left Oct., 1832. 

The Church was then closed till Fel)., 1834. 

Rev. E. M. P. Wells, Feb., 1834, left April, 1835. 

Rev. H. L. CoNOLLY, May, 1835, left May, 1838. 

Rev. Joseph H. Clinch, June, 1838, present rector. 



[91] 

BENJ. ESTABROOK 

Would respectfully inform his friends and the trade generally, that he 
has taken the store 

No. 7 Union St., near Dock Square, 

where he intends to keep constantly on hand a select stock of 



both Foreigm and Domestic, and embracing all the choice and popular 
brands of the day. His assortment of 

IMPORTED CIGARS AND TOBACCOS 

will be found complete, and can be furnished by him on as favorable 
terms as any other dealer in New England. 

Manufactured Tobacco 

in great variety, among which may be mentioned the celebrated 
brands of 

Twin Brothers, Cubanoes, Indian Queens, 
Rose Bud, Esmeselders, Clipper, Cherry 
Ripe, Luxurious Prune, Don Quix- 
otes, Patrick Henry, Hammets, 

Together with a good assortment of FINE CUT, consisting of 

Goodwin's Pure American, do Sarsaparilla, do Yellow Bank, 

John Anderson's, Hoffman's, Suggetts, 

Henry Miller's, &c., &c. 

All of which I shall sell at manufacturers' prices. Also, a large lot of 
I)Il.Ji'S S"!© TOBACCO, 
A very choice article. Various kinds of Natural Leaf and Twist. 
Boston, May 23d, 1856. 



[93] 




CHARLiES IF. BROWN, 




MILLWEIGHT, BTTRH MILLSTONE MANTJFACTUREI 

AND PATENTEE AND BUILDER OF 

PEEWCH BURR PORTABLE GRINDING MILLS, 
Nos. 65 Sc 67 Haverhill Street, Boston, ( formerly 187 Sea Street. 

Mill Gearing fitted to order ; French Burr Mill Stones, 36 inches diameter ai 
under made from one entire piece ; all above that size, made in pieces ; Boltiii 
Cloth, Mill Picks, Elevating Screws, &c., furnished at short notice. 



ISRAELITISH SYNAGOGUE. 




WAKEEN STEEET. 

This buildinor, which was erected inlSal, is a small wooden structure, tastefully- 
decorated and pleasing in its appearance. It will seat about 500 persons, and has 
connected with it, rooms for a school and for business meetings of the trustees of 
the society, and for other purposes. There are, also, in the rear, bathing rooms 
for the females of the society, after the ancient customs of the Israelites. The 
traUeries of the church are set aside for the use of the females of the congregation, 
the body of the church being occupied exclusively by the males. 

The Synagogue of Israelites were first organized in Boston in 1843, and consist- 
ed at that time often members with their families. There are at the present time 
belonging to the society about 120 families. The name which the Synagogue 
adopts, and by which they are incorporated, is " Ohebei Shalom," which bemg 
interpreted is, " Friends of Peace." 

Connected with the Church is a school for their children, where they are taught 
in the ancient Hebrew as well as in the English language. 

There are, also, two charitable associations made up of members of this Syna- 
gogue, the one for males and the other for females. 

The services in their church are all conducted in the Hebrew language, and 
with all the ancient forms and ceremonies. They have the five books of Moses 
written on parchment, from which their Rabbi reads as part of their Sabbath ser- 
vice. At the present time the Rev. Joseph Sachs officiates as their religious in- 
structor, and also as teacher of their children in the Hebrew tongue. They give 
him the ancient title of Rabbi. Their Sabbath commences on Friday at Sun- 
down, and ends at the corresponding hour on Saturday. Their numbers are 
quite rapidly increasing. They have a burial ground at East Boston. 



16* 



94 



CHURCH OF THE NEW JERUSALEM. 




CnUltCU OF TUK: ^EJV Jf^CCUSAiLKM, 

BOW'DOIN STRKET. 

This building -wras erected in 184;'), and cost, including lot, buildinp, organ and 
furniture, about sixty thousand dollars. The entrance of the church is designed 
in chaste Gothic architecture; fronts 15 feet on Bowdoin street, and passes thence 
through a vestibule 40 feet long, to the Auditory, The Auditory is 62 feet by 80 
in the'clear, and contains 110 pews. The side galleries contain 30, and the cross 
end 20, making in all 1(5(3 pews, capable of seating KXIO persons. The entire ceil- 
ing is tinished with groined arches, and so formed as to admit light through the 
roof to the nave, which produces a soft and agreeable effect. The Easterly end 
forms a peculiarly elegant and grand feature of the edifice, there being placed on 
the centre of the chancel a lofty tabernacle; designed for a depository of the Sa- 
cred Scriptures, and a pavilUon on either side of the tabernacle, all of which are 
highly ornamental. The pulpit is on the main floor, in front of the chancel, but 
withdrawn from the centre. The organ is also on the first floor, in a room pre- 
pared expressly for its reception, so that it is without the usual case, and almost 
entirely concealed from view. 

Under the church is a basement of 12 feet in height in the clear, divided into 
apartments, which are used for the Sabbath School,X.ectures and Social meetings, 
&c. &c. The house is remarkably well situated, being almost exactly in the cen- 
tre, and on the highest land of the city, yet at the same time being very quiet 
and retired, and abundantly supplied with light and air. The society which 
worships here was organized in 1S18. 

The Rev. Thomas Worcester, the present pastor, was settled with them in 1828. 



[03] 

D. B. GULICK, 



191 Washington Street, 

(Directly opposite Parker Fowle's Carpet Warehouse,) 

Bega leave to inform Publishers, Authors, Printers, Inventors 
and others, that he is prepared with every facility to execute 

«n t!)c aSest Stgle of tje ^rt. 

Many years' experience in the business, and upon first 
class illustrated works, warrants him in assuring the public of 
his ability to give the most complete satisfaction in every 
description of "Wood Engraving. 

Illustrations for Books, Newspapers, Magazines, Business 
Cards, Bill Heads, Labels, Posters, Views of Factories and 
Public Buildings designed for publication, on the most 

REASONABLE TEBM8. 



[94] 




§00k ^IhiBixiiihws, 

PORTRAITS, BUILDINGS,* 

Views, lacbmcry, labels, Seals, Baik Cliecks, Bill Jlads, 

BUSINESS CARDS, 

FOR COLOR PRINTING, &C' . 

IWUm IN THE FINEST AND BEST STYLE 01 THE ART.' 

Orders from a distance satisfactorily executed from Sketches, Daqdeb,- 
REOTTPES, or other accurate information. 

To those wishing Engravings^ the facilities of Express, &c., 
offer a77iple accommodation. 



* See Booton Almanac of 1856 ; also Lady's, for Fancy Designs. 



ESSEX STREET CHURCH. 



95 




UNION CHURCH, ESSEX STREET. 

This Church was gathered August 26, 1822. The Meeting-House in 
Essex street was dedicated in December, 1816, and is owned by the Essex 
Street Congregational Society. It was rebuilt in 1840-41, and reopened 
March 28, 1841. The tower of this Church is new, and is seen to the best 
effect from the corner of Harrison avenue and Essex street, as presented 
in the engraving. The side walls of the old house, with the roof, were 
carried up 12 or 15 feet, and a new floor inserted above the ground floor. 
A commodious and weU-proportioned lecture-room now occupies a part of 
the original floor of the house, entirely above ground, A marble pulpit, 
the first of that material in Boston, was placed in the Church when it was 
rebuilt. There is also a pedestal Font of white marble in the Church. 

The part of the city in the vicinity of this Church has lately been much 
improved by the erection of handsome blocks of dwellings, and the open- 
ing of a new street opposite the Church from Essex street to Beach street. 

PASTORS. 
Rev, Samuel Green, inst. March 26, 1823, dismissed March 26, 1834. 
Rev. Nehemiah Adams, present Pastor, installed March 26, 1834. 

The whole number of members July, 1842, was 576, of whom 130 were 
males, and 446 females. 



96 



NEW NORTH CHURCH. 




JVEAV NORTH CHURCH, HANOVER STREET. 

The New North was the second Congregational Church built at the 
north part of Boston, and the fifth in the order of the other Churches of 
that name. The first house was dedicated May 5th, 1714, and the second, 
which is the present. May 2, 1804. or nearly ninety years afterwards. It 
is a substantial brick edifice, at the corner of Hanover and Clark streets. 
The original cost was $26,570, exclusive of tho land. Nearly all this 
sum was realized from the first sale of pews. The inside is a square of 
72 feet, two ranges of Doric columns under the galleries, and Corinthian 
columns above them support the ceiling, which was in an arch of moder- 
ate elevation in the centre, — the whole well adapted for sight and sound. 

Rev. John Webb, ordained October 20, 1714, died April 16, 1750. 
Rev. Peter Thacher, installed January 28, 1723, died March 1, 1739. 
Rev. Andrew Eliot, D. D. ord. April 14, 1742, died September 13, 1778. 
Rev. John Eliot, D. D., ordained Nov. 8, 1779, died February 14, 1813. 
Rev. Francis Parkman, D. D., ord. Dec. 8, 1813, resigned Feb. 1, 1819. 
Rev. Amos Smith, ordained December 7, 1842, resigned June 5, 1848. 
Rev. Joshua Young, present Pastor, ordained February 1, 1849. 
Rev. A. B. Fuller, his successor, was ordained in 1853. 



[95] 



THE WEBSTEH HOUSE 







378 &0 380 HANOVER STREET. 

'ossessing all the accommodations and conveniences of a fikst class ho 
EL, and being centrally located and of easy access to the business thorough- 
ares of the city, offers an inviting home to the business and travelling 
lublic. 



[96] 

FIRST CLASS 



The Subscriber solicits attention to valuable improvements recently 
added to his well known AMERICAN ACTION PIANOS ; among which j 
are three new scales of great fulness and beauty of tone, including a 7| 
diagonal scale, all of which unite every desirable requisite in a first class \ 
Piano, and at greatly reduced prices. 

Manufactory and Warerooms at 379 Washington St. Boston. 



A. R. CAMPBELL & CO. 

Nos. 6 & 7 Wilson Lane, Boston. 

N. B. A Room has been fitted, expressly for the accommodation of i] 
Ladies visiting the city. 
A. R. Campbell. Chas. H. Coverlt. W. Campbell. 



DAMRELL & MOORE, 

16 DEVONSHIRE STREET, 

Four Doors from State Street. 



Circulars, Bill Heads, Cards, Labels, Merchants' Show Bills, Hand 
Bills, Auction Bills, Reports, Bank Checks, Engraved and Cop- 
perplate Cards, &c., &e.. 
Printed with the utmost despatch, in the best style, at the lowest l 
Prices. 

No. 16 Devonshire, 4 doors from State St. 



BULFINCH STREET CHURCH. 




BUL.F1NCH STREET CHURCH. 

The house is of brick, and is 74 by 70 feet, having for its front a pedi- 
ment in wood supported by half columns, the centre ones in imitation of 
freestone, and the outer ones white, corresponding with the entablature. 
There are three principal entrances to the Church in front. It is sur- 
mounted in front on each comer by cupolas, in one of which is an excel- 
lent toned bell. The proportions and arrangement of the interior are in 
good taste both for speaking and effect. 

The Society worshipping at this Church was incorporated by an Act of 
the Legislature, January 21st, 1823, by the name of the " Central Univer- 
salist Society." The corner stone was laid October 7th, 1822, and the fol- 
lowing is the principal inscription on the plate deposited underneath : — 

"HE that built and Bustains all things is Jehovah. This house, devoted to the 
worship of Almighty God, and the promulgation of his great Salvation through 
Jesus Christ, the Chief Corner-Stone, was commenced, and this stone laid October 
VII., in the year of our Lord MDCCCXXII., of the Independence of the United 
States the forty-sixth, and of the Institution of the city of Boston, the first." 

PASTORS. 
Paul Dean, installed May 7, 1823, resigned May 3, 1840. 
Frederick T. Gray, installed November 26, 1839. 



17 



PHILLIPS CHURCH. 







PHILLIPS CHURCH, SOUTH BOSTOX. 

This Church was gathered December 10, 1823, consisting at that time 
of thirteen persons. Rev. Prince Hawes, who had been some time preach- 
ing for them, was installed over them April 28, 1824. A house of worship 
was erected at the junction o Broadway and A street, and dedicated 
March 9, 1825. Mr. Hawes was dismissed April 18, 1S27, and on the 22d 
of November of the same year, Rev. Joy H. Fairchild was installed, and 
was dismissed at his own request. May 16, 1842. The place of worship 
being too small, a larger one was erected on the same location and dedi- 
cated May 4, 1836. 

The number of members in 1843 was 240. 

The house is built of wood, and has 104 pews on the lower floor, and 
will accommodate, including the gallery, about seven hundred persons. 

MINISTERS. 
Prince Hawes, installed April 28, 1824, left April 18, 1827. 
J. H. Fairchild, installed November 22, 1827, left May 16, 1842. 
W. W. Patton, installed January 18, 1843, left in 1845. 
John W. Alvord, installed November 4, 1846. 



[97] 

WOUKS OE APlT! 

J. K. IVIGOIM, 

:PE.I3SrTSEIL.IjEI?,:, 

19 Tremont Street Boston, 

(opposite the museum) 

Has in Store, and is constantly receiving direct from the publishers, 

the best 

ENGLISH, FRENCH, AND GERMAN 

^X ^V^7 Sl jc^^r \'(^^ 



OF THE »£OST I»OI»¥JI.^I6 JPICTUKES, 

By Landseer, Turner, Ansdell, Wilkie, Herring, SchefFer, Vernet, Dela 
roche, Overbeck, Kaulbach, and other Modern Artists. 

ALSO, A RARE COLLECTION OP 

I^IISTE LinSTE Eisr<3-R,A.-vi3src3-s, 

After the celebrated works of the old Masters, by Edelinck, Raphael Morghen, 

Desnoyera, Garavaglia, Anderloni, Bervic, Longhi, Fr. Muller, Perfetti, 

Sharpe, Steinlo, Toschi, Martinet, and other celebrated Engravers. 

Together with Water Colors and Lithography. 

Collectors of rare Prints, and others interested in this department of art, may 
find in his portfolios some of the finest specimens of the graver, many of which 
are extremely rare and elegant. 

NEW BIRD AND CAGE STORE, 

No. 104: Court Street. 

The subscriber takes this method to inform the Ladies, and the public gener- 
ally, that he has removed from 

54 to 104 COURT STREET, 

"Where they will find a select stock of 

Mocking Birds, Bulflnches, Larks, Thrushes, Goldfinches, and Canaries. Also. 
Fowls, Pigeons, Dogs, Rabbits, Parrots, Seeds, &c. 

No. 104 Court Street, Boston. 

A. D. CURRIER. J. C. EDWARDS. 

MASON & FRENCH, 

BLACK AND WHITE SMITHING, 

Keep on hand and manufacture to order, every description of 

For Cemeteries, Public and Private Buildings, 

Of which are new and of our own design ; also, 

Stools for Stores and other Places of Business, 

They have been adopted in many stores in this and other cities, with great satis- 
faction to all who have had occasion to use them. All orders solicited and 
promptly attended to. 

No. 179 Harrison Avenue, Boston. 



[98J 




ALL ARTICLES MADE OF THE 

BEST SE-A-S03SrEI5 STOCK! 

By experienced -workmen, -with the aid of new and improved machinery. 



Dv* Particular attention is given to furnishing School Houses and i 
Public Buildings with Desks, Chairs, Settees, Tables. Venetian Blinds, &c. . 

W. BOURGUIGNON, 



No. 231 WASHINGTON STREET, 

( In the rear of Graphic Court.) IB @ ^ T © 0^ a 



Manufacturer of Canes, Cane Heads, Billiard Balls, &c. 
DT/^ Opera Glasses, Fans, Parasols, Sunshades, and all articles in this 
line that need repairing, will be punctually executed. 



CHURCH OF THE ADVENT. 




CKUBCBE OF THE ADVEliT, OKEEX STREET. 

This Society was incorporated in 1816, and worshipped formerly in a 
hall at the corner of Lowell and Causeway streets. In December, 1848, 
they removed to the Green Street Church. The seats in this Church are 
free, and supported by the free-will offering of the worshippers. The 
number of communicants is about 200. Rev. William Croswell, D. D. has 
had pastoral charge of the parish from its first organization. 

The Meeting-House in Green street was consecreted for Divine wor- 
ship, October 25, 1826. The religious society arose out of the labors of 
their pastor, Rev. William Jenks, D. D., who was installed over them on 
the day of the consecration of their house of worship, October 25, 1826. 

This building is plain but neat. It is surmounted by a square tower of 
a single story from a classic model. The seats can conveniently accommo- 
date about 750 persons. In 1848 this building was sold to the Episcopal 
denomination, and is now occupied by the Church of the Advent, being 
the eighth organized Protestant Episcopal Church in Boston. 

The Rev. W. Croswell, D. D., was appointed at the season of Advent, 
(December,) 1844 ; and the Rev. F. W. Pollard, called as assistant minis- 
ter in 1845. The Rev. Horatio Southgate settled in 1852, is now pastor. 



17^ 



TWELFTH CONGREGATIONAI, CHURCH. 




TWELFTH COK^GREGATIOIVAL. CHURCH, 
CHAMBERS STREET. 

Early in the year 1823, several gentlemen resolved to attempt the forma- 
tion of a new Congregational society, and the erection of a meeting-house 
for their accommodation in the western part of the city. In a few weeks 
102 persons subscribed the sum of $ 23,300 for the building. An Act of 
incorporation was granted by the legislature on the 14th of June, 1823, for 
the '•' Twelfth Congregational Society in the city of Boston." The corner- 
stone of the new house was laid May 10, 1824, and the building was dedi- 
cated on the 13th of October following, on which occasion the sermon 
was preached by the Rev. John G. Palfrey. 

The Church ia pleasantly located on Chambers street, between Allen and 
McLean streets, and cost (land included) $ 34,000. It has 152 pews, and 
will accommodate 1,000 persons. The Rev. Samuel Barrett, of the Cam- 
bridge Theological School, became the pastor, and on the 9lh of February, 
1825, was ordained, and has since remained the pastor. 

The parish library was established in the year 1826, and the Sunday 
School in 1827. The Society comprises about 200 families, is free from 
debt, and expends annually for the support of public worship, about thirty- 
one hundred dollars. 



[99] 




STo. 38*7 'fFashlnstou Street, Boston. 



[100] 



LEXINGTON HOUS 



O. BIGEL.01¥, Proprietor. 




The above first-class Hotel, is situated within ten miles from Boston, and onoi 
beautiWl drives in the vicinity of the city, has been recently entirely refitted 'withl 
ern mprovements and conveniences— Gas, Water, &c. 

It is situated within a few rods of the spot so dear to lovers of American liberty jV 
edin the history of our country as " the first battle field of the Revolution." I 
place immortalized by the shedding of the blood of the first martyrs of the B< 
find the above House equal in all respects to any in New England. Col. Bigelow 
host, is always ready to dispense all the hospitality enjoyed at the most favored ., 
ted Hotels. 

Lexington, 1856. 

DC^^The cars leave the Fitchburg Depot four times each day . 



BOWDOIN STREET CHURCH. 




BOW COIN STREET CHURCH. 

The Bowdoin Street Congregational Society, or Church, was organized 
July 18, 1825, under the name of the Hanover Street Church, and the cor- 
ner-stone of the first Meeting-House was laid in Hanover Street, by the 
Rev. B. B. Wisner. It was dedicated to the worship of God on the 1st 
day of March, 1826, and burned down on the morning of the 1st of Feb- 
ruary, 1830. Soon after this bereavement, the church and congregation 
adopted measures to repair the loss, purchased a lot of land in Bowdoin 
Street, where the present house was built, and obtained a charter from the 
legislature of the State, as the " Bowdoin Street Congregational Society." 

Whole number of members in May, 1851, were 447. The edifice is a 
massive stone structure, 75 feet front by 98 feet in depth, built in the 
primitive Gothic style. The tower is 28 feet by 20, projecting 6 feet from 
the main wall. The house is in the centre of Bowdoin street. 

PASTORS. 
Rev. Lyman Beecher, D. D., inst. March 22, 1826, dis. Sept. 36, 1832. 
Rev. Hubbard Winslow, inst. Sept. 26, 1832, dismissed 1844. 
Rev. Tared B. WATERBURi', D. D., present Pastor, inst. Sept. 2, 1846. 



102 



ST. VINCENT DE PAUL'S CHURCH. 




ST. VINCENT DE PAUL'S CHURCH, ROMAN 
CATHOLIC, PURCHASE STREET. 

The corner-stone of this edifice was laid September 7, 1825, and the 
house was dedicated on Thursday, August 24, 1826, for the use of the 
Unitarian denomination. 

The building is constructed of rough hewn granite, and covers a space 
of 81 by 74 feet. It stands near Liverpool wharf, where the famous Tea 
vessels were moored during the memorable 16th of December, 1773. The 
pastors were Rev. George Ripley, ordained November 8, 1826, and Rev. 
James I. T. Coolidge, ordained February 9, 1842. 

Owing to the many changes that had occurred in that portion of the 
city, the Unitarian Society worshipping in this Church decided, in the 
year 1847, to erect a new building in a more central position, for the 
greater convenience and accommodation of the majority of the members. 
A lot was accordingly purchased during that year for this purpose. 

In May 1848, the Society removed to their New Church at the corner of 
Harrison avenue and Beach street. The Purchase Street Church has been 
owned by the Roman Catholics since that period, and is now known as St. , 
Vincent de Paul's. Rev. M. P. Galigher, Pastor, from May, 1848, and at j 
present officiating. 



[101] 

I DRS. CUMMINGS & PLAGG, 
25 TREMONT STREET, (Up Stairs,) 



BosTOiir Deittisxey. It is a conceded point, that no city in the world 
excels Boston in the skill of its Dental Surgeons. The stranger who traverses 
the city will be struck with the high position they hold, but nowhere will he find 
this art in higher perfection, than if, arrested by a curious anatomical 
exhibitionof the progress of dentitioip. to be seen in an elegant show case at 25 
TremontKow.opposite the Boston Museum, he ascends to the rooms of Dks. 
CuMMiNGS & Flaog. The Doctors are always ready to give the latest improve- 
ments in the best style, with betterments of their own. Their mode of setting 
teeth, single or in sets on the principle of atmospheric suction, without hooks or 
any dependence whatever in remaining teeth or stumps, is essentially their own 
and eminently successful. 

The power of any man to do things in the right ivay is always discovered by 
the public sooner or later, and accordingly the public has discovered Drs** 
Cummings & Flagg to be the first practical dentists of the city of dentists, and are 
carrying their work to every dinner table in Christendom. 

The Dental Akt and Who to Patronise. Our city is peculiarly fortu- 
nate in the possession of dentists of skill, reputation and personal worth. In no 
place in the country are they more so. This is well for the credit of the city, the 
art itself, and for the people who have occasion to become subjects of it. We take 
great pleasure in calling the attention of our readers to the widely known and 
thoroughly tested skill of Dr. John A. Cximmings, at 25 Tremont Row. All who 
have placed themselves, or friends under his treatment need not be told that his 
I operations are skillful and scientific to the highest degree. In his hands, art 
replaces and restores the losses and deficiencies of nature. In a word, he is a 
complete dentist ; an honor which it requires more than is commonly supposed 
to honestly merit. 

Dr. Cummings, with a view to meet the increasing calls upon his establishmen t » 
has associated in partnership. Dr. G. H. R, Flagg, a skillful and experienced 
practitioner, whose services have often been called into requisition by our citi_ 
zens. The rooms of the establishment have been enlarged and improved, so that 
every department of operative and mechanical dentistry is carried on in the 
most systematic and eflfective manner. We make this brief reference to Drs 
Cummings & Flagg from a personal and accurate knowledge of their superior 
qualifications as dentists, no less from their agreeable manners and gentlemanly 
qualities generally, and accordingly can commend in all sincerity and with a 
ull conscience to the patronage of the public— which we do most cordially.— £ee. 



[103] 

EST ABLISHIIB 1821 




NEWELL HARDING & CO., 

12 COURT SCtUARE, BOSTON. 

Manufacturers of Warranted Silver Ware, consisting of Pitchers, Gob- 
lets, Tea Sets, Forks, Knives, Spoons, Napkin Rings, &c., 
and every article usually sold by Silversmiths. 

OILMAN SCRIPTURE, 

MANUFACTDRBR OP 

Lemon, Sarsaparilla and other Syrups, 

B O S T O 3Sr- 



HARVARD STREET BAPTIST CHURCH, 



103 




HARVARD STREET BAPTIST CHURCH. 

This Church was constituted March 27, 1839, consisting of 121 members, 
derived chiefly from the various Baptist Churches in the city. They now 
number 500. As they met at first in Boylston Hall, Ihey look the name 
of the Boylston Street Church, which has been changed to that of the 
Harvard Street Church, since their removal to the new place of worship. 
From Boylston Hall they moved to the Melodeon, and thence to the new 
Church. 

The comer-stone of the Church was laid in May, 1842. It is situated 
at the comer of Harvard street and Harrison avenue. It is a beautiful and 
commodious edifice, wiih a stone front. It will accommodate between 
1,100 and 1,200 persons. The inside is distinguished for great neatness and 
convenience. 

Their first Pastor was the Rev. Robert Tumbull, who was installed 
August 25, 1839. Rev. Joseph Banvard, settled as minister in. 1846, and 
is the present Pastor. The Baptists were, as a Society, much persecuted 
in the seventeenth century, and prosecutions by the civil authorities were 
numerous against them in Boston, about the year 1665. In 1729, the leg- 
islature of Connecticut passed an act to exempt Baptists and Quakers 
from ministerial taxes. 



18 



104 



PINE STEEET CHURCH. 




PIXE STREET CHUKCH. 

This Church consisting of 42 members, was organized Sept. 2, 1827' 
The corner-stone of the Church edifice was laid June 20, of the same year' 
and the house dedicated by the Congregational denomination, Dec. 25, 
1827. The house has been extensively repaired and some material alter- 
ations made in the year 1851. It is 71 feet in width and SO in length, and 
contains 182 pews. The whole exterior is of a classic form, modelled 
after the Temple of Theseus at Athens. On the south side is a pleasant 
Green. The interior of the edifice was remodelled In 1842. In the base- 
ment is a Vestry, 46 by 40, and a Committee room, 27 feet by 20. The 
front gallery is furnished with a handsome clock. Present number of 
members is about 200. 

PASTORS. 
Rev. Thomas H. Skinner, D. D., inst. April 19, 1828, left Aug. 27, 1828 
Rev. Jona Brown. D. D., inst. March 14, 1829, left Feb. 16, 1831. 
Rev. Amos A. Phelps, inst. Sept. 13, 1831, left March 26, 1834. 
Rev. Artemas Boies, inst. Dec. 10, 1834, left Nov. 9, 1840. 
Rev. Austin Phelps, inst. March 31, 1842, left May 1848. 
Rev. H. M. Dexter, present Pastor, ordained 1849. 



[103] 

TO THE FAMILY CIRCLE, PROPRIETORS OF 

HOTELS, AND KEEPERS OF SALOONS, 

THROUGHOUT THE COUNTRY. 

Your attention is called to the notico of 

CELEBRATED SHERRY WIl BITTERS, 

prepared entirely of roots and herbs, compounded ivith Sherry Wine. 
This invaluable tonic is peculiarly beneficial when any tonic impression 
is needed to give tone and action to the stomach, strength to the diges- 
tive organs, and reinstates in all cases of general debility and loss of ap- 
petite. It is highly recommended by the faculty, whose opinion of its 
merits is corroborated by facts which cannot be shaken or disputed. It 
may be taken without infringing by its use any conventional reforms, 
neither violating by its companionship the Statutes of the land, nor de- 
viating from the most fastidious observances of temperance, whilst en- 
joying its vivifying influences, makes the most appropriate and healthy 
tonic for the family circle, as well as Hotels, Steamhoats, and Saloons, 
and by partaking of it from a wine-glass, without any mixtures, its medi- 
cinal effects will be more highly appreciated. The proprietor wishes 
every man, woman, and child to try its tonic effects — but if they are in 
perfect health, nothing of the kind is needful. 

PREPARED ONLY BY 

Corner Custom House and Broad Streets, 
BOSTON, 

And for sale by the Druggists and Country Stores generally, throughout 
the country. 



[104] 



MANNING, BROWN & CO., 

DESIGNERS, ENGRAVERS, 



IJfltl 



AND 



f 



156 WASHINGTON STREET, 

Have superior facilities for 
DESIGW^ING AND ENGRAVING 

BOOK ILLUSTRATIONS, PORTRAITS, 

DKAWINGS OF MACHINERY, 

In Common and Geometrical Perspective, 

Political and other Caricatures, 

<ScO., iScC, SzG. 
In the best style and on the most reasonable terms. 

ENGRAVING DONE ON 
WOOD, GOI»I?EK,, AKTI) STOSTE. 



SALEM STREET CHURCH. 



105 




SAL.EM STREET CHURCH. 

This Church was organized September 1, 1827. At its formation it con- 
sisted of 97 members, viz. 34 males and 63 females. The corner-stone of 
the Church edifice was laid July 17, 1827. It was consecrated January 1, 
1828. The whole number of members united to the Church, including the 
first organization, is 867. The number of members remaining November 
14, 1842, 567 ; of whom 185 are males, and 382 females. 

This Church is built of brick, and is situated at the corner of Salem and 
North Bennett streets. It has a swelled front, and is a commodious build- 
ing, containing 134 pews on the lower floor, and 32 in the gallery, and two 
vestries in the basement. The body of the house is 74 by 71 feet. The 
vestibule projects in front about 12 feet. The ceiling is a simple arch from 
side to side, springing from a projecting belt of stucco which extends 
around the entire building. 

PASTORS. 
Rev. Justin Edwards, D. D., inst. Jan. 1, 1828, dis, Aug. 20, 1829. 
Rev. George W. Blagden, inst. Nov. 3, 1830, dis. Sept. 5, 1836. 
Rev, Joseph H. Towne, installed June 2, 1837, left Dec. 27, 1843. 
Rev. Edward Beecher, inst. March 13, 1844. 



106 



SOUTH CONGREGATIONAL CHURCH. 



sMi 




SOUTH COXGREGATIONAIi CHURCH. 

This Church edifice was erected in 1828, and was intended for the min- 
istrations of Rev. Dr. HoUey, who formerly preached in the Mollis street 
pulpit. Mr. Holley was on his return from Kentucky to talce charge of 
it, when suddenly his melancholy death disappointed the hopes of his 
friends who had erected the Church. The Church was dedicated Jan. 30, 
1828; the Rev. Mellish Irving Motte, who had formerly been an Epis- 
copal clergyman in Charleston, S. C, but had become a Unitarian, was 
invited to settle as Pastor, and May 21, the same year, was ordained. Dr. 
Channing preached the sermon. The Society, under Mr. Motte, consist- 
ed of about 160 families. It showed great zeal in paying off a heavy debt 
that had been incurred in building the Church. In July, 1842, Mr. Motte 
requested that his connection with the Society might be dissolved. In 
September, the same year, Mr. Frederick D. Huntington, of the Theologi- 
cal School, Cambridge, was invited with great unanimity to take charge 
of the congregation, and on the evening of October 19, was ordained. 

The house contains 124 pews on the floor, and 42 in the gallery. 



[1091 

HARDEN, SP AFFORD & CO., 

103 Hanover Street, near Friend Street, Boston. 

IMPORTERS, WHOLESALE AND RETAIL DEALERS IN 



t 



BORDERS, DECORATIONS, CHIMNEY PRINTS, 

GILT CORNICES, CURTAIN BANDS, CORD, 
TASSELS, CURTAIN FIXTURES, &c. 

MANUFACTURERS OP 
OF EVERY DESCRIPTION. 

MARDEN'S PATENT OSCILLATL\G WIPOW SHADE BLOCKS. 

Linens, White and Colored Hollands, and Chintz, constantly on hand, 
and made into Shades to order. 

WIRE SCREENS AND MOSQUITO NETS. 

Transparencies and Diagrams for Lectures and Schools, of every design 
and size, painted at the shortest notice. 

LETTERING IN ALL ITS BKANCHES. 

Gold and Velvet, Gold Panel, Gold Scroll, Gold and Flower, Imitation 

Gold, Bouquet, Gothic, Pencil and Colored Landscapes, 

Ornamental and Plain Shades, Side and Top Lights. 

Churches, Halls, Hotels, Dwellings, Stores, Offices,and Saloons, furnished 
' with the most appropriate styles at the shortest notice. 

Dealers and others are respectfully solicited to call on us before purchas- 
ing elsewhere. All orders promptly attended to. 

C. W. MARDEN. G. H. HARDEN, B. F. SPAFFORD. 



[106] 




L. A. POND, 
MANUFACTURING JEWELLER, 

AND WHOLESALE AND RETAIL DEALER IN 

Watches, Jewelry, Silver and Silver-Plated "Ware, &c. 
141 Hanover, corner of Union Street, Boston. 



IC?* Watches and Jewelry repaired by experienced workmen. 



[107] 

AMBROTYPE 



% 



The Subscriber would respectfully call the attention of the Public 
to his New and Beautiful style of MINIATURES at my Gallery. 

The superiority of the Ambrotype over the Daguerreotype are as follow : 

1st. The Picture is not reversed. 

2d. It can be seen in any angle of light. 

3d. It is impervious to water, air, or dust, the two glasses being 
cemented together with Fir Balsam. 

4th. The length of setting is so short, that there is no difficulty in 
getting a good expression. 

I will state for the information of those that wish to procure the genuine 
Ambrotype that there are but two rooms, besides my own in Boston 
where they are made, all the rest are imitation. 

B. P. CAMPBELL, 

No. 145 HANOVER STREET, corner of Union. 

FREDERICK WHITON, 
HAT AND CAP STORE, 

NO. 143 hanove;r s.treet, 

BETWEEN UNION AND MARSHALL STREETS, 

BOSTON. 

On hand a good assortment of 

o m Ij x> I?, E usr ' s 



[108] 

145 Hanover cor. of Union Street, Boston. 

PRESIDENT, 
SECRETARY AND TREASURER, 
BOARD OF INVESTMENT, 

The PRESIDENT, aud Messrs. CONVERSE, GUILD, PRINCE, and LOW. 

This SAVINGS BANK is open 

Every Day, from 9 till 1 o'clock, 

On SATURDAY AFTERNOON, 
from 3 till 5 o'clock. 

AND ON 

SATURDAY EVENING from 7 till 9 o'clock, 

For the express accommodation of all persons who receive their wages on 
Saturday night. 

IT WILL RECEIVE DEPOSITS FROM 

mil mnE w th mum, 

and pay on all sums of Three Dollars and upwards. 

Five Per Cent. Interest Per Annum. 

Payable semi-annually, on the first Wednesday of May and November, 
and in addition thereto, once in five years, DIVIDE ALL SUR- 
PLUS PROFITS equally among the depositors. 



mariners' church, 




MARINERS' CHURCH, PURCHASE STREET. 

This Church is under the charge of the Boston Seamen's Friend Society, 
formed in January, 1828. The Society previously worshipped in the hall 
on Central wharf. 

The comer-stone of this church edifice was laid August 11, 1829, and 
was dedicated January 1, 1830. A Church of 9 members was organized, 
for the special benefit of seamen and their families, January 20, 1830. 

The Mariners' Church is situated in Purchase street, on the easterly 
side of Fort Hill, fronting the harbor. Over it waves the Bethel Flag, in- 
viting the hardy seamen of Columbia to gather around the altar of their 
God, and each Sabbath day witnesses these gallant men, who never bent 
to a victor, on their knees before Him, in his house. 

PASTORS. 
Rev. Jonathan Greenleaf, chosen February 13, 1830, dismissed No- 
vember, 1833. 
Rev. Daniel M. Lord, installed Nov. 11, 1834, dismissed July 20, 1848. 
Rev. George W. Bourne, installed February 15, 1849, present Pastor. 



108 



seamen's church. 




SEAMEN'S CHURCH, OR BETHEL, 
NORTH SQUARE. 

The Bethel, in North Square, is owned by the Port Society for the city 
of Boston and vicinity, and cost $ 23,000. 

In the year 1828, several gentlemen of our city, of the Methodist Epis- 
copal persuasion, urged by an enlarged philanthropy, organized themselves 
into a society, for the moral and religious instruction of seamen, to be 
called " The Port Society of Boston and its vicinity." The Bethel was 
the first fruits of their design, and no one of our public charities has re- 
ceived a greater share of public eulogium. Another early act of the 
founders was to procure and settle a pastor over the Bethel, and their 
choice fell upon the Rev. Edward T. Taylor, who still continues to labor 
among his " children," as he affectionately terms the seamen, and his la- 
bors are attended v?ith eminent success, alike creditable to himself and 
the great cause he advocates. 

The edifice, of v?hich the above is a representation, is all built of brick, 
with the exception of the basement, which is of unhammered Quincy 
granite. It is 81 by 53 feet, and is capable of containing 1,500 persona. A 
part of the basement is used for a reading-room, for the benefit of those 
seamen who have leisure and inclination to visit it. 



GRACE rnuRCH. 



109 




GRACE CHURCH, TEMPLE STREET. 

This Society was formed in 1829, and continued to increase very gradu- 
ally until towards January, 1835, when it was incorporated under the title 
of " Grace Church in the City of Boston." 

The corner-stone of the Church edifice was laid June 30, 1835, and It 
W£is consecrated by the Right Reverend Bishop Griswold, June 14, 1836. 

The architecture of this Church is generally much admired, and it is a 
better specimen of the Gothic style than is ordinarily found in New Eng- 
land. The interior is beautifully painted by M. Bragaldi. The exterior 
of the building, including the towers (which are of the octagonal form), 
is 87 feet ; breadth 68 feet. The basement is divided into 2 large rooms 
for lectures, Sunday-schools, &c. The height from the main floor above 
the basement to the centre of the main arch, is 45 feet; an arch is thrown 
over each of the side galleries, which is intersected by arches opposite the 
three windows on each side, and resting on each side upon four cluster col- 
umns of 24 inches diameter. 

RECTORS. 

Rev. Thomas M. Clark, instituted November 13, 1836, left 1843. 

Rev. Clement N. Butler, D. D., instituted 1844, left 1847. 

Rev. Charles Mason, present Pastor, instituted 1848. 



19 



110 



FOURTH UNIVERSALIST CHURCH. 




FOURTH UXIVERSALIST CHURCH, SOUTH 
BOSTON. 

This edifice ia situated at the corner of B street and Broadway. It was 
built, and is now occupied by the "Fourth Universalist Society," which 
was gathered in April, 1830, under the labors of Rev, Benjamin Whitte- 
more, who was installed April 10, 1833. Rev. Thomas D. Coolc, present 
minister, installed in 1844. From a small beginning the Society has grad- 
ually increased in numbers and prosperity. The Society was organized 
May 30, 1831, and incorporated April 19, 1837. 

Connected with the Society is a Church, numbering about 80 members. 
Also a Sabbath School with 280 scholars and 45 teachers. 

The Church edifice presents nothing very remarkable to the eye in point 
of architecture. It is built of wood, with a brick basement, which con- 
tains two stores and the Vestry. The furniture and interior ornaments 
are neat, and well adapted to the comfort and convenience of the speaker 
and auditory. The origin of the denomination of Universalists in Amer- 
ica, was in the year 1770. Mr. John Murray commenced preaching near 
New York ; visited Philadelphia and several parts of New Jersey ; came 
in 1773 to Newport, and thence to Boston, where he arrived on the 26th of 
October of that year. 



[109] 



P. H. WALKER, 



MANUFACTURER OP 



SCALES, 
WEIGHTS AND MEASEIS, 




WEIGHING APPARATUS, 

OF EVERY DESCRIPTION, 

, AND DEALER IN 

PLATED AND CAST STEEL KNIVES, 

SOLD AT THE LOWEST CASH PRICES. 

No. 2 Faneuil Hall Square, Boston, 

UP STAIRS. 

All Scales purchased at this establishment warranted correct. Please 
call and examine before purchasing elsewhere. 



[110] 

MERRIMAC HOUSE 

Comer of Friend and Mcrritnac Streets. 




JAMES 



HANSON, Proprietor. 



Grateful to the Pul)lic for patronage while landlord of Hanson « Hotel, respect- 
fully solicits your patronage at my New Stand Havme newly repaired and 
furnished the above House, with all the modern improvements of a nis* class 
Hotel. This House is centrally located m the mimediate vicinity of Boston 
and Maine, Eastern, Lowell and Fitchburg Railroads, ftrangers visiting the 
city will always find this House conducted as a first class Hotel, with moderate 
prices. BOARD, $1.25 per day. 



CENTRAL CONGREGATIONAL CHURCH. 



Ill 




CENTRAL. CONGREGATIONAL! CHURCH, 
WINTER STREET. 

This Church was organized May 11, 1835, consisting of 62 members, 
and commenced public worship al the Odeon, August 6, 1835, under the 
name of the Franklin Street Church. 

The corner-stone of the Church edifice was laid May 27, 1841, and the 
Church consecrated Dec. 31, 1841. The Central Congregational Society 
was organized Dec. 7, 1841, and the Franklin Street Church assumed the 
name of the Central Congregational Church, Dec. 24, 1841. The number 
of members in January 1, 1850, was 462. 

The front of this Church is of the Corinthian order ; the two fluted col- 
umns and beautiful capitals of Quincy granite sustaining the entablature, 
that, united, form an elevation of about 53 feet from the ground, and of 44 
in width, present an imposing appearance. The interior arrangement of 
the house embraces all modern improvements in this department of archi- 
tecture. 

PASTORS. 

Rev. "William M. Rogers, installed August 6, 1835. 

Rev. George Richards, installed October 8, 1845. 



FIFTH UNIVERSALIST CHURCH. 




FlFlil t^lMlV is^RSALIST CHURCH, WARREN 
STREET. 

The Fifth Universalist Society was formed January, 1836. It wor- 
shipped in Boylston Hall three years, when it removed to the Meeting- 
House erected for its use in Warren, near Tremont street. The house 
was dedicated in February, 1839. 

The Meeting-House is built of brick, with a granite basement, and con- 
tains 162 pews, and will seat about 1,100 persons. It is furnished with 
a fine-toned organ. In the basement there is a large vestry and three 
school-rooms. 

The Church, which originally consisted of 85 members, was formed in 
1837. It has now about 350 members. The communion is administered 
once a month. There are connected with the Society two Sabbath Schools, 
consisting of about 300 children, and 70 teachers. There are also two fe- 
male charitable associations connected with the Society. 
PASTORS. 

Rev. Otis A. Skinner, settled January, 1837, resigned April, 1846. 

Rev. J. S. Dennis, installed January, 1847, resigned June, 1848. 

Rev. Ons A. Skinner, reinstalled March, 1849. 



[Ill] 

JOHN POETER & CO., 

Manufacturers and Wholesale Dealers in 

PORTER'S PATENT BlIRll FLUID, 

eilFIMl MB iMQieL, 

No. 12 Broad, (near State) Street, Boston. 

J. POKTER. J- A. GOtJLD. 

W. B. LANG, C. M. WHEELER, D. B. SAFFORD. 

¥. BAILEY LANG & CO., 
LOCOMOTIVE AND RAILWAY SUPPLIES, 

NEW YORK & BOSTON. 

SOLE AGENTS IN" AMEKICA 

TO THE 

mmw mm®m Em@m m®mwMmT« 

COMMERCIAL INSTITUTION, 

259 Washington Street, Boston. 

TERMS OF TUITIoar : 

Writing, 30 Lessons, $5.00 

- Arithmetic, 30 do 5.00 

Navigation, one quarter, 22.00 

French, one quarter, 10.00 

German, " '' 10.00 

Music, " " 15.00 

Mechanical Drawing, one quarter, • 10.00 

Hours from 9 to 12, A. M., from 2 to 5 P. M., 7 to 9 in the Evening. 



[113] 



m© ©©mmm/Airm\iS. 



R. L. TAY, 



OFFICE, 130 CROSS STREET, 



ii)©§ir®[ia 



WHOLESALE AND BETAIL 



iSsft <fs V sSa'vm <*S^ w»^ <•! 



1^ COAL BY THE CARGO, or in quantities to suit all 
purchasers at the lowest prices, direct from the mines. 



<T. AUGUSTINt'/S CHUncrf 



113 







ST. AUGUSTINE'S CHURCH, SOUTH BOSTON. 

This Church was erected in 1819, by the Catholic Congregation of Bos- 
ton, with the approbation and assistance of the Rt. Rev. Bishop Cheverus. 
It was enlarged, rendered fit for Divine service, and afterwards consecrated 
by Bishop Fenwick, in 1833. A tablet in front of the building bears the 
following inscription : — " Erected by the Catholic Congregation of Bos- 
ton, with the approbation and assistance of Right Reverend Bishop 
Cheverus, A. D. 1819." 

This building is not at present used as a regular place of worship, but is 
occasionally used as a cemetery Chapel. A large cemetery is attached to 
the Church lot, on Dorchester street, South Boston. 

The house is surrounded and nearly hidden by large Elm trees ; and the 
traveller as he passes it is surprised with its rural beauty in the summer, 
no less than by its mournful and desolate aspect in the winter. 

PASTORS. 

Rev. Thomas Lynch, from the year 1833 to 1836. 
Rev. John MAHONy, from the year 1836 to 1839. 
Rev. M. Lynch, from the year 1839 to 1840. 
Rev. F. FiTZsiMMONS, December 21, 1840. 



114 



SOUTH BAPTIST CHURCH. 




SOUTH BAPTIST CHURCH, SOUTH BOSTOX. 

On the 28th of August, 1828, 19 individuals were constituted a branch 
of the Federal Street Baptist Church. This branch was publicly recog- 
nized as an independent Church, March 27, 1831, then numbering 52 
members. 

The branch originally met for public worship in a small house formerly 
occupied by the Methodists. They were aided for several years by the 
" Baptist Evangelical Society." Their present house was dedicated to the 
worship of God, July 22, 1830. It is on the corner of C street and Broad- 
way. The building has nothing remarkable in its appearance, though to 
the antiquarian there are interesting associations connected with its his- 
tory. 

PASTORS. 

R. H. Neale, who had supplied the pulpit nearly three years, from 1833 
to 1834. T. R. Crkssey, from 1834 to 1835. Thomas Drier, from 1838 
to 1843. Duncan Dunbar, from 1844 to 1845. George W. Bosworth 
assumed the charge February 22, 1846. 



[113] 



DOUGLAS AXE MANFG CO. 

IVo. 9 Batterymarcli Street, 

GEOKGE BOGERS Agent. B S T Ni 




O- B_ BO^S-CE SZ co- 
Manufacturers and Wholesale Dealers in 

low and Medium Priced lUMlIUEE of every description, 

Mattresses, Feather Beds and Bedding, Looking Glasses, Stoves, &c. 

579 WASHINGTON ST., opposite Harvard, Boston. 

JAMES J.WALWORTH & CO. 

(Formerly Walworth & Nason,) 
18 to S4: I>i:VO]SrSHIRE STREET, . . BOiSTOKr, 

AND WALWORTH & CO., 233 LAKE ST., CHICAGO, 

MANUFACTURERS AND DEALERS m 

WROUGHT IRON TUBES, 

FOR STEAM, GAS AND WATER, 

%^W WllDlD ^©i^lE l^lPl^^ 
STEAM AND GAS FITTINGS. 

steam Boilers, Heaters, Pumps, Coils, Ashcroft's Steam Gauges; 

Alarm Water Gauge, to prevent Explosion of Steam Boilers ; 

Apparatus for Warming and "Ventilating Buildings, 

BY HOT WATER AND STEAM, 

Steam Apparatus for Cooking, Washing, Drying, 

Pumping, &e., expressly adapted to Hotels 

and Eating Houses. 

GAS WORKS FOR SINGLE BUILDINGS AND FOR TOWNS 



[114] 

FAIRBANKS & BEARD, 




WHOLESALE AND RETAIL DEALERS IN 



Mineral and Soda Waters, 

COXORESS SPKIXCiS TI'A.TSR, 

ALE, PORTER, CHAMPAGNE, 

CIDER AND LAGER BEER, 

IN BARRELS AND BOTTLES, 

Howard Athenaeum Building', Howard Street, 



K7* Agents for John D. Parks' Native, Catawba and Isabella Wines. 
Hotels supplied on reasonable terms. 
Orders for SaiPPiNa promptly attended to. 



CHITCH STKFET rHURCH. 




THIRD METHODIST EPISCOPAL. CHURCH. 

This Church was gathered and the first sermon delivered on the 4lh of 
July, 1834. The Church at that lime consisted of between 20 and 30 in- 
dividuals, and was soon increased to 60, from other Methodist Churches 
in the city. From the time of its commencement, it has steadily in- 
creased, and at the present time its numbers are 320. The building was 
erected in 1827, for a Presbyterian Church, tmder the pastoral care of 
Rev. Jas. Sabine. In 1829, Mr. Sabine and a part of his Society withdrew 
from the Presbyterian connection, and embraced the sentiments of the 
Episcopalians ; in consequence of which the Meeting-House became va- 
cant until occupied by the above Society. 

PASTORS. 



Rev. Abel Stevens, 
Rev. M. L. ScuDDER, 
Rev. Edward Otheman, 
Rev. James Pouter, 
Rev. T. C. Pierce, 
Rev, William Smith , 



Rev. Daniel Wise, 
Rev. George Pickering, 
Rev. Minor Raymond, 
Rev. A. D. Merrill, 
Rev. T. C. Pierce, 
Rev. J. D. Bridge, 



Rev. Daniel K. Bannistef 



20 



IIG 



[A.RY S OATHOLIO CHURCH. 




^ 






ST. DIARY'S CHURCIl, EXDICOTT STREET. 

Thi$ Church w-as consecrated by Bishop Fenwick, of the Konian Calh- 
olic Church, on the 22d of May, 1S36. 

This Church is situated on Eudicott street, at tho corner of Cooper 
street. It is built of rough stone, and is a beautiful and dunible edifice. 
It has a spacious and convenient basement. 
PASTORS. 

Rev. William Wiley, from I\Iay. 1S36, to April, 1S37. 

Rev. P. O'Beiunk, from 1S37 to 1S3S. 

Rev. BIiCHAKL Hkalv, from 1S3S to 1S41. 

Rev. Thomas O'Flahertv, from January, 1S41, to March, 1S42. 

Rev. John Fitzpatrick, from I\Iarch 4, lS-12, to lS-17. 

Rev. John P. Flood, from 1S47 to 1S49. 

Rev. John INIcElroy, present I\Iinister. 

Rev. F. B. Kroks, and Rev. Francis Lachat, assistant Ministers. 

The first movements of the Roman Catholics to form a Society in Bos- 
ton were in the year I7S4. These were prompted by the Irish and French 
emigrants, under the pastoral charge of the Abbe La Poitrie, a chaplain 
in the French navy. 



ST. PATEICK'8 CHURCH. 




ST. PATKICK'S CHUKCII, 

NORTQAMPTON STREET. 

This Church was consecrated on the 11th of Decem- 
ber, 183G, by Bishop Fenwick, for the use of the 
Catholics at the South end. 

First and present Pastor, Rev. Thomas L3mch. 

This Church is located at a section of Boston, where 
the population, particularly the foreigners, are rapidly 
increasing. It is uniformly thronged with devoted 
worshippers. 



[115] 




81 Washington Street. 

TAlTIiOir & ADAilIS, 
29 Joy's Building, Boston, 

Respectfully inform their friends and the public, that they still continue 

to execute all orders with promptness and despatch, on reasonable 

terms, and in the most satisfactory manner, viz. 

Illustrations for Books, Headings for Newspapers, Portraits, 
Views of Buildings and Machinery, 

Seals for Divisions and Companies; Labels of all kinds; Cards, Maps, 
Plans, &c. Also, 

POSTS RjS FOR. TRAV£I.r.IIir& CO]!U[P^]!irii:S, 

Executed plain or in colors. 
P. S. Personal attention given to all orders sent by Mail or Express, accom- 
panied with. Daguerreotypes, Sketches, or other information. 



J. L. TAYLOR. 



T. W. ADAMS. 



[116] 

JOSIAH GOODING, 

IMPORTER OF 

CIjOCEZS .A^l^lD "W-A^TCHES:, 

SILVER AND PLATED WARE, 

MANUFACTURER OF 

JJBirEI^ItX, SI»ECTACI.E8 «fe SltVEK SPOOSTS, 

83 Washington Street, ( Joy's Building, ) Boston. 

ssr FINE WATCH REPAIRING, jsa 

B. R. RICHARDSON & CO.'S 

Office Jfo. 8 tJoy's Buildins* 

No. 81 WASHINGTON STREET, BOSTON. 

ADVERTISEMENTS received for all the best papers published in the 
United States and British ProviDces, at the Publishers' very lowest rates. 



PLAIN AND DECORATIVE JOB PRINTING, 

Executed with neatness and dispatch, and on reasonable terms. 

LUTHER BRIGGS, JR., 

ARCHITECT Al ENGIIEER 

No. 27 Joy's Building, 

IB® Sffi'® SFo 



( SUCCESS0K3 TO GRAFTON AND CO.) 
WHOLESALE AND RETAIL DEALERS IN 

85 WasMngton Street, Joy's Bxiilding, 

F.W.BA^R,} BOSTON. 

p. A. HAM. ) 

P. S. Shirts made to order from measure and warranted to FIT. 

20» 



lis 



METHODIST CUURCU. 




MERIDIAN, COBNEB HAVEE STREET, EAST BOSTON. 
The first congregation was gathered in the year 1839. They worshipped in 
a part of the Lyman School-house, having for their minister Rev. Mr. Daven- 
port. Kev. J. W. Merrill officiated during a part of the year '41. In '42 a 
small meeting-house was built, costing, with land, if 2(500, at the junction of 
Meridian and Taris streets, which building is now used for a city school-house, 
Daniel Richards was appointed by the Conference and labored one year, lie 
was succeeded by Joseph A.]Merrill, who remained with the Society till 1845. His 
successor was the Rev. Joseph Whitman, under whose labors a very extensive 
revival was enjoyed. He remained two years with them, during which time 
the present building was erected, at a cost of ^18,000 dollars. It is 73 feet long 
by 48 wide, with galleries, and stands on the junction of Meridian, llavre and 
Decatur streets. To him succeeded Rev. H. E. Hompstead, who was followed 
by Rev. James Porter. Their present pastor Rev. C. S. Macreading, has now 
been with them 18 months. The growtli of this part of the city, and the 
impossibility of accommodating all who desired seats, rendered it expedient to 
form another congregation, in iSIay '53, which is now convened in Bennington 
Hall, having for their pastor. Rev. Chester Field. The new organization com- 
menced, and is progressing under very favorable auspices. 



[IIST 



THE UNION GAS WORKS COMPANY, 




MANUFACTURE AXD ERECT 

COAL & OIL GAS WORKS, 

Of all sizes, for the use of 

DWELLINGS, HOTELS, HALLS, CHURCHES, FACTOEIES, 
SHOPS, FOUNDRIES, VILLAGES, AND TOWNS. 

THEY HAVE FOR SALE, 

All parts of Gas Works, and Materials, used in the 
Manufacture of Gas. 

CAST AND WROUGHT IRON GAS PIPE, FITTINGS OF ALL KINDS, 

METERS, KEGTJIiATORS, &c. 

Betorts and Gasometers, of all sizes; also,Chandeliers, 

Candelebra, Brackets, and all articles belonging 

to the trade. 

L. B. STONE, President. WILLIAM COURTIS, Treasurer. 

Office No. 56 Washington Street, Boston. 

J. C. AJPP£.ETOir, Agent. 



[118J 

NEW CHURCH INSTRUMENT. 

THE ORGAN HARMONIUM, 

MANUFACTURED BY 

MASON & HAMLIN, 



The Organ Harmonium is designed especially for the use of Churches, 
Chapels and Lecture-rooms. It has two rows of keys and eight stops as 
follows : 1, Diapason ; 2, Dulciana ; 3, Flute ; 4, Principal ; 5, Hautboy ; 
6, Expression ; 7, Bourdon : 8, Coupler. Compass, 5 Octaves, from 
0. to C. Price, $350. 

We continue to manufacture the celebrated Model Melodeons, prices 
from $60 to $175 ; and Organ Melodeons With three stops and two rows of 
keys, price $200. 

Descnptire Circulars sent free to any address. 

MASON & HAMLIN, 

Cambridge, Corner of Charles Street, Boston, Mass. 



GANS & ESTES' 

IMPORTED TO ORDER, 

Also, American Manufactures for Sale, 

B T 

THOlflAS J. MARSH, Jr., 

305 'WASHINGTON STREET, Cor. Temple Place, 



FOURTH METUOUIST CHURCH. 




FOURTH METHODIST EPISCOPAL. CHURCH, 
NORTH RUSSELL. STREET. 

This Church was constituted A. D. iS37, with CO members, under th& 
pastoral care of Rev. M. L. Scudder. Their first meetings were held in 
the Wells School-House, in Blossom street. The Chapel was dedicated 
A. T). IS^S. It is erected on a plan designed for further improvement, as 
we learn the edifice will be elevated, and that the buildings in front will 
be removed, to make a more spacious court. 

The ministers of the Methodist Episcopal Church are stationed an- 
nually, and according to the present usage are not appointed to the same 
station more than two years successively. 

The whole number of members in June, 1842, was 430, of whom 127 
were males, and 303 females. 

MINISTERS. 

Moses L. Scudder, from 1837 to 18.39. Jefperson Hascall, from 
1839 to 1841. Charles K. True, from 1841 to 1843, George Landen, 
from 1843 to 1845. William H. Hatch, from 1845 to 1847. William 
Rice, from 1847 to 1349. BIark Trafton, from 1849 to 1851. E. Col- 

BEIGH. 



THIRTEENTH CONGREGATIONAL CHURCH. 




THIRTEEXTH CONGREGATIONAL. CHURCH. 

This Society was foriped in the year 1S25. The place of worship was lo- 
cated at the corner of Purchase and Pearl streets. The Rev. George Ripley 
was ordained as Pastor in 1826, and after the lapse of almost fifteen years, 
his connection was dissolved, for reasons which affected, not the least, the 
relations of friendship and mutual respect between the parties. The Rev. 



[119] 

BOSTON & 1.0WEL.L. RAII.ROAD. 




Depot at the foot of Lowell Street, 
Boston. 



Incorporated June, 1830. Opened 
for travel June, 1835. 



WILLIAM PARKER, President. 
WILLIAM STURGIS, GEO. W. LYMAN, 

F. B. CROWNINSHIELD, ISAAC HINCKLEY. 

omcEPis. 

JOHN B. WINSLOW, Sup't. J, THOMAS STEVENSON, Treas. 
[Office at Depot.] [Office, 5 Tremont Street.] 

THOMAS P. TENNEY, Clerk. Office, 5 Tremont Street. 

FITCHBURO RAILROAD. 




Depot corner of Causeway and Haverhill Streets, Boston. 

Incorporated March 3,51842. Opened for travel to Fitchburg, Mar. 5, 1845. 

J. J. SWIFT, President. 

T. WHITTEMORE, A. CROCKER, 

E. H. DERBY, W. E. FAULKNER. 



J P. WELCH, Treasurer and Clerk. 



L. BIQELOW, Superintendent. 



[130] 



GRAND TOILET REQUISITES, 




\\\V\\\\\V\\\\\N\\V\\\\\\\\\W\\\\\\XV\V>-C 

HYPERION FLUID, 

FOB* THE imlBi 




Is the GREAT AM- 
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IC. It permeates to 
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skin, and is the most 
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hair, this has reinstated it in full plenitude of beauty and luxuriance. 

Price S5c, 50c, ^Sc, SI, and $1,50 per Bottle. 

BOGLE'S HEBEAIONA, or BAL3I OF CYTHERIA, 

is unrivalled for beautifying the complexion, and eradicating tan and 
pimples. Price 50 cents per Bottle. 



Magically changes un- 
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Dye has many advanta- 
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nor weather can tarnish 
the above. Hair Dyeing 




ELECTWC HAia-DYE 



j;e ever invented, and neither the effects of the sun 
it in the least. One trial sufficiently proves more than 
done on the premises. Prices 50 cents, $1, and if 1,50. 

These articles are all warranted the best and cheapest in the world, or the mon- 
ey refunded. To be had of the Inventor. 

TVJOL. BOOIiE, 

277 Washington Street, Boston, 
and Agents throughout the world. 

Bogle's system of measuring the head. Observe the 

dotted lines. 
No. 1.— The circumference of the head. 
No. 2.— Temple to temple across the back. 
.•■ No.3.— Forehead to nape of the neck. 
No. 4.— Ear to ear, over the temple. 
Persons residing in anv part of the world can be 
beautifully fitted to a wig, or Toupee, by measur- 
ing their heads as above, and sending me a 
sample of their hair. Address 

W. BOGLE, 277 Washington St., 
jaosjTOJxr. 




ROWE STREET BAPTIST CHURCH. 121 

Jamea I. T. Coolidge, the present incumbent, was ordained in 1842. So 
great had been the changes in that section of the city, by the influx of 
business and foreigners, that the society was forced to remove to another 
section of the city ; and on the 3d of May, 1847, the corner-stone of their 
present beautiful building was laid at the corner of Harrison Avenue and 
Beach Street. On the 3d of May, 1848, the new Church was completed 
and dedicated. The Society was incorporated under the title of the Pur- 
chase Street Congregational Society, but by reason of removal, it was 
obliged to change its name, and it is now known as the Thirteenth Congre- 
gational Church and Society. 

The size of the body of this house of worship is 62 by 92 feet, exclusive 
of the buttresses, tower, and chancel. The chancel projects 6 feet and the 
tower 7 feet ; making the entire length 107 feet. The side buttresses pro- 
ject 1 foot 8 inches, making the entire width 63J feet. The height of the 
front gable is 66 feet from the sidewalk, and the height of the side walls 32 
feet, above which rises the clear story wall to the height of 47 feet from the 
sidewalk on Beach street. The lower, which is at the corner of the build- 
ing, rises to the height of 93 feet to the base of the spire, and is supported 
by massive buttresses at the angles, which terminate with minarets and 
fmials at the height of 85^ feet, and 7J feet below the base of the spire, 
where the tower finishes with gables on four sides. 



ROWE STREET BAPTIST CHURCH. 

This Society formerly worshipped in the Federal Street Baptist Church, 
the corner-stone of which was laid September 25, 1826, and the building 
dedicated July 18, 1827, At that period the Society consisted of sixty-five 
members. 

In consequence of the many changes in Federal Street, and its gradual 
transformation into a mere business street, the Society determined in the 
year 1844, to dispose of the property and remove to a more central posi- 
tion. The building was occupied for the last time on the 23d of February, 
1845, soon after which it was demolished. 

The corner-stone of the present edifice, in Rowe street, was laid the 27ih 
of April, 1846, and the building was dedicated on the 7th of April follow- 
ing. In the mean while, the Society held their public meetings in Amory 
Hall and the Melodeon. The present Church is in the pointed Gothic 
style of architecture ; built of dark red sandstone, having a tower at the 
corner, surmounted by a spire rising to the height of 175 feet above the 
sidewalk. The interior of the building is finished with black walnut, and 
contains 158 pews. The organ was made by Mr. Appleton, of Boston, and 
is placed in the front angle corresponding with the towers. 



21 



122 



ROWE STREET BAPTIST CHURCH. 




ROAVE STREET BAPTIST CHURCH. 

By an act of the Legislature, the name of this Society was subsequently 
changed to the "Rowe Street Baptist Society." The present number of 
members is about 450. 

PASTOKS. 

Rev. Howard Malcom, from Nov. 13, 1827, to Sept., 1835. Rev. 
George R. Ide, from Dec. 30, 1835, to Dec, 1837. Rev. Handel G. Nott, 
from May 23, 1839, to May, 1840. Rev. William Hague, from Sept., 1840, 
till 1848. Rev. Baron Stow, D. D., the present Pastor, installed 1848. 



BOWDOIX SQUARE BAPTIST CHURCH. 



123 







BOTfDOIX SQrrJLRi: BAPTIST CUURCM, 

OPPOSITE THE KEVERE HOUSE. 

This edifice stands on the north side of Bowdoin square, beautifully 
opening to the view from all the streets -which radiate from the square 
The comer-stone -svas laid April 1, 1840, and the building dedicated 
November 5, 1840. It is one of the most agreeable locations in Boston 
It is 98 feet in length, inclusive of the tower, by 73)^ feet -wide. Its front, 
with its tower and six turrets, is of granite. The tower projects 10 feet 
from the main building ; is 28 feet square, and 110 feet high. The cost 
of the building, including furniture and organ, was upwards of seventy- 
thousand dollars. 

The Church was constituted Sept. 17, 1840, with 137 members. 
PASTORS. 

Rev. R. W. Cushman, installed July 8, 1841, left July, 1847. 

Rev. Pharcellus Church, D. D., installed Sept. 1848. 

Rev. Willum H. Wines, settled in 1852. 



124 



WAKUEN SniEET CHAPEL. 




•WARREN STREET CHAPEIi. 

This Institution, established A. D. 1835-36, through the liberality ol 
Beveral private individuals, belonging to the Congregational Unitarian de- 
nomination, and placed under the charge of Rev. C. F. Barnard, is de- 
voted to the general objects of the Ministry at Large, particularly in their 
relation to the young. It contains various free schools for instruction in 
Reading, Writing, Arithmetic, and Sewing, intended for those w^ho cannot 
obtain such advantages elsewhere, and open at such hours as their conve- 
nience requires. There are two valuable libraries for readers of different 
ages. Two or more large classes are taught the elements and practice of 
vocal music. A Sunday School occupies the morning and afternoon of 
the Lord's Day, followed by religious exercises generally adapted to the 
wants and capacity of the young. Occasional meetings of a social or in- 
structive character are added, with an annual visit to the country, and other 
means of rational enjoyment. There are connected with the building a 
garden and a cabinet of Natural History. The current expenses of the 
institution are defrayed in part by annual subscriptions or donations, and 
in part through the proceeds of a course of Lyceum Lectures, by occasional 
concerts, and by sales of flowers upon the Common on the Fourth of July. 



TUCKERMAN CHAPEL. 



125 




TUCKERMAN CHAPEIi, PITTS STREET. 

The corner-stone of this building was laid July 7, 1836. It was dedicat- 
ed by the Congregational Unitarian denomination the following Novem- 
ber. It is a neat brick building, 76 feet by 44, two stories in height. 

Dr. Tuckerman entered upon his duties as Minister at Large, Nov, 5, 
1826. His purpose was to visit among the poor, and to be to such as 
were not visited oy any other clergymen, a Christian Pastor and Friend. 
In Feb., 1827, he had 50 families under his charge ; in six months, 90 fam- 
ilies, at the close of the year, 170 families, and in six months more, 250 
families. 

Rev. F. T. Gray became a colleague with Dr. Tuckerman in 1834, and 
continued in this ministry until 1839, when the Rev. R. C. Waterston was 
ordained to take charge of the labor. 

PASTORS. 
Rev. Dr. Tuckerman, installed 1826, died April 20, 1840. 
Rev. Frederick T. Gray, ordained Nov. 1834, left 1839. 
Rev. R, C. Waterston, ordained Nov., 1839, left in the spring of 1845. 
Rev. Andrew Bigelow, installed May, 1845, left Sept., 1846. 
Rev. Samitel H. Winkle y, inst. Sept., 1846, present pastor. 



SUFFOLK STREET CHAPEL. 




SUFPOIiK STREET CHAPEIi. 

This Chapel constitutes one of the branches of the Ministry at Large, 
and was built by the " Fraternity of Churches " in 1839. On the 23d of 
May, in that year, the corner-stone was laid with appropriate services, and 
the dedication took place on the 5th of February, 1840. 

This edifice is situated at the extreme south part of the city, opposite 
the Southern Cemetery, and is the largest of the Chapels connected with 
the Ministry at Large. The cost of the building was about $ 15,000, ex- 
clusive of the land, which was given by the city according to a grant in 
1806, to the first religious association that should promise to build a Church 
thereon. The congregation gathered here met originally in a small school- 
room in Northampton street, from which they were transferred to Suffolk 
street. The architectural style of this Chapel is somewhat imposing and 
peculiar. It is built of rough stone with rustic finishings of granite, and 
has a massive granite porch in front, supported by five piers of the same 
material. 

PAST ORS. 
Rev. John T. Sargent, ordained Oct. 29, 1837, left Dec, 1844. 
Rev. Samuel B. Crupt, ordained Jan., 1846, present pastor. 



LYNDE STREET CHURCH. 



127 




WEST CHURCH, L.YNDE STREET. 

The West Church was gathered January 3, 1737, in Lynde street, then 
termed New Boston, and then the only Church in that division of the 
town. The first was a well-proportioned wooden building, begun Septem- 
ber 26, 1736, and finished in April, 1737, when it was furnished with a hand- 
some steeple. It was situated commodiously to give signals to the Conti- 
nental troops at Cambridge, on the opposite shore. The British officers 
suspected it had been used for this purpose, and the steeple was taken 
down by them in 1775. 

The corner-stone of the present edifice was laid April 4, 1806, and the 
Church was dedicated November 27 of the same year. It is 75 by 74 feet, 
and contains 114 pews on the lower floor, and 50 in the gallery. It is situ- 
ated in Lynde street, corner of Cambridge street. The number of fami- 
lies in the parish is about 320. The Church is Congregational. 



128 FIRST METHODIST CHURCH, HANOVER STREET. 



Dr. Mayhew, the second minister of the West Church, one of the ablest 
men our country has produced, was ordained June 17, 1747, and died July 
9, 1766, aged 46 years. Just before his death, on his departure to attend 
an ecclesiastical council at Rutland, he wrote a letter to James Otis, Esq., 
suggesting the plan of a correspondence or " communion " among the col- 
onies, which was afterwards adopted, and conduced much to the happy 
result of their struggle for freedom. 

In 1805, there were nine Congregational Churches in Boston, the West 
Church being ranked the ninth, though it was in fact the eighth, as the 
church in Federal street did not join the Congregational communion till 
1787. These churches were in fellowship, and their ministers exchanged 
with one another, and assisted each other in ministerial labors as occasion 
required. This fellowship was maintained between this Church and the 
eight other Churches till 1821. 

The square in front of the Church, on Cambridge street, has been this 
year ornamented with a substantial iron railing, 369^ feet in length. The 
cost of this railing and the fountain was about $5,000. Dr. Lowell, the 
present minister, is the oldest minister in Boston. 

PASTORS. 

William Hooper, from Scotland, ordained May, 1737, resigned 1746. 
Jonathan Mayhew, D. D., from Martha's Vineyard, ordained June 17, 

1747, died July 9, 1766, aged 46. 
Simeon Howard, D. D., from Bridgewater, (West Parish,) ordained May 

6, 1767, died August 13, 1804, aged 71. 
Charles Lowell, D. D., Boston, ordained January 1, 1806, 
Cyrus Augustus Bartol, of Freeport, Me., ordained March 1, 1837. 



FIRST METHODIST CHURCH, HANOVER 
STREET. 

That branch of the Methodist Episcopal Church worshipping in this 
edifice was originally gathered in 1792, under the labors of the Rev. Jo- 
seph Lee, whose first sermons in the city were preached on the Common. 
Their first house of worship was erected in Hanover street, in 1796, when 
about 60 members belonged to it. They removed to a new edifice in North 
Bennet street, (seepage 84,) in the year 1828, which house was sold to the 
Freewill Baptist Society in the year 1850. 

In the year 1850, this Society purchased the elegant building erected for 
the Second Unitarian Society, (under Rev. Chandler Bobbins,) of which 
the following is a correct representation. 



FIRST METHODIST CHURCH. 



129 




PASTORS. 

Ephraim Wiley, 1828-29. J. Bonney, 1830. A. D. Merrill, 1831. 
J. Lindsay, 1832-33. D. Fillmore, 1834-35. Abel Stevens, 1836. 
A. D. Sargent, 1837. J. C. Pierce, 1838-39. J. Porter, 1840-41. 
Mark Trafton, 1842-43. J. D. Bridge, 1845. Miner Raymond, 
1846. William H. Hatch, 1847-48. S. Hale Higgins, and Mosely 
DwiGHT, 1&49, Joseph CuMMiNGS, 1850-51. J. H. Twombley, 1856. 



130 BOSTON BRIDGES AND FERRIES. 

BOSTON BRIDGES AND FERRIES. 

I. WEST BOSTON BRIDGE. 
This was the second bridge built over Charles River. It is a convey- 
ance from the west end of Cambridge street to the opposite shore in Cam- 
bridge-Port. A number of gentlemen were incorporated for the purpose of 
erecting this bridge, March 9, 1792. The causeway was begun July 15, 

1792, and suspended after the 26th of December, till the 20th of March, 

1793, when the work was resumed. The wood work of the bridge was be- 
gun the 8th of April, 1793, and the bridge and causeway opened for pas- 
sengers the 23d of November following, being seven months and a half from 
laying the first pier. The sides of the causeway are stoned and railed ; oq 
each side of which was formerly a canal about 30 feet wide. 

The bridge stand, on ISO piers, is .... 2,483 feet long. 

Bridge over the gore, 14 " 275 " 

Abutment, Boston side, 87^ " 

Causeway, 3,344 " 

Distance from end of the causeway to Cambridge Meet- 
ing-house, 7,810 " 

Width of the bridge, 40 " 

Railed on each side for foot passengers. 

To the Proprietors a toll was granted for 70 years from the opening of the 
bridge, which together with the causeway, was estimated to have cost 
£ 23,000 lawful money. The principal undertaker for building the bridge 
was Mr. Whiting. 

II. BOSTON SOUTH BRIDGE. 

The building of this bridge grew out of the project for annexing Dor- 
chester Neck, so called, to Boston, as a part of the city. In the latter end 
of 1803, there were but 10 families on that peninsula, which comprised an 
extent of 569 acres of land. These families united with several citizens of 
Boston in a petition to the town for the privilege of being annexed thereto, 
(' upon the single condition that the inhabitants [of B.] will procure a 
bridge to be erected between Boston and Dorchester Neck." On the 31st of 
January, 1804, after several confused meetings on the subject, the town 
agreed to the proposition, on condition " that the place from which and 
the terms on which the bridge should be built, shall be left entirely to the 
Legislature. Application was made to the General Court, and measures 
were in train for authorizing a bridge from South street to the point. The 
inhabitants of the south end of the town, having opposed this measure in 
vain thus far in its progress, formed a plan at this juncture, in which they 
proposed to erect a bridge where the present bridge stands, and to obviate 
the objection that such a bridge would not lessen the distance from the 



BOSTON BRIDGES AND PKRRIE3. 131 



point SO much as the South Street Bridge would, they offered to construct a 
commodious street across the flats from Rainsford's Lane to the head of 
the proposed bridge. They presented a petition to the Court to be incoi* 
porated for these purposes, upon the presumption that no liberty would be 
granted for the erection of any other bridge, to the northward of their 
bridge, unless at some future period the increased settlement of this part of 
the country should be such, that the public exigencies should require the 
same. This plan and petition met with so favorable a reception, that the 
Dorchester Point proprietors were induced to make a compromise with the 
South end petitioners, in which it was agreed, that the South Street Bridge 
should be abandoned, and that the South end Bridge should be transferred 
to the Dorchester company, and the proposed street be carried forward by 
the petitioners. A joint committee made a report on the basis of this com- 
promise, which was accepted in concurrence Feburary 23d ; and on the 6th 
of March, bills were passed for the three objects, the annexation of Dor- 
chester Neck to Boston, the incorporation of the Proprietors of Boston 
South Bridge, and also of the Front Street Corporation in the town of 
Boston. 

Messrs. William Tudor, Gardiner Green, Jonathan Mason, and Harrison 
Gray Otis, were the proprietors named in Boston South Bridge Act. Sev- 
enty years' improvement was allowed from the date of the first opening of 
said bridge for passengers, which took place in the summer of 1805. 
On the first of October, it was the scene of a military display and sham 
fight. This bridge is 1,551 feet in length, and cost the proprietors about 
$ 56,000. In 1832, the proprietors sold the bridge to the city for $ 3,500 ; 
since which it has been put in thorough repair by the city, at an expense 
of $ 3,500, in addition to the amount paid by the Corporation, and has 
been made a free highway. 

III. CANAL (OR CRAIGIE'S) BRIDGE. 
This bridge runs from Barton's Point in Boston to Lechmere's Point in 
Cambridge. Its length is 2,796 feet; its width 40 feet. The persons 
named in the Act incorporating this bridge, were John C. Jones, Loammi 
Baldwin, Aaron Dexter, Benjamin Weld, Joseph Coolidge, Jr., Benjamin 
Joy, Gorham Parsons, Jonathan Ingersoll, John Beach, Abijah Cheever, 
William B. Hutchins, Stephen Howard, and Andrew Craigie. This bridge 
differs from those previously built, in being covered with a layer of gravel 
on the floor of the bridge. It was first opened for passengers on Com- 
mencement day, August 30, 1809. The bridge on the Cambridge side is 
united to Charlestown by Prison Point Bridge, which is 1,821 feet long, 
and 35 feet broad, having but one side railed for foot passengers. The Bos- 
ton and Lowell Railroad runs parallel with, and about 100 feet north of 
Craigie's Bridge. 



132 BOSTON BRIDGES AND FERRIES. 

IV. WESTERN AVENUE. 

This splendid work was projected by Mr. Uriah Cotling, who with oth- 
ers associated, received an act of incorporation, June 14, 1814, under the 
title of " The Boston and Roxbury Mill Corporation " ; the stock of which 
is divided into 3,500 shares of $ 100 each. It was commenced in 1818, 
under Mr. Cotting's direction, but he did not live to witness its comple- 
tion. His place was supplied by Col. Loammi Baldwin, and the road W£is 
opened for passengers, July 2, 1821. There was a splendid ceremony on 
the occasion ; a cavalcade of citizens at an early hour entered the city 
over the dam, and was welcomed on this side by the inhabitants, who 
waited to receive them. This Avenue, or Mill-Dam, leads from Beacon 
street in Boston, to Sewall's Toint in Brookline, and is composed of solid 
materials water-tight, with a gravelled surface, raised three or four feet 
above high- water-mark. It is one mile and a half in length, and a part of 
the way 100 feet in width. This dam cuts off and incloses about 601 acres 
of the southerly part of the Back or Charles River Bay, over which the 
tide before regularly flowed. The water that is now admitted is rendered 
subservient and manageable. Very extensive mill-privileges are gained by 
the aid of a cross dam, running from the principal one to a point of land 
in Roxbury, which divides the Reservoir or full basin on the west from 
the empty or running basin on the east. There are five pair of flood- 
gates in the long dam, grooved in massy piers of hewn stone ; each pair 
moves from their opposite pivots towards the centre of the aperture on 
a horizontal platform of stone, until they close in an obtuse angle on a 
projected line cut on the platform, from the pivots in the piers to the 
centre of the space, with their angular points towards the open or unin- 
olosed part of the bay, to shut against the flow of tide and prevent the 
passage of water into the empty basin. In this manner all the water is 
kept out from this basin, except what is necessary to pass from the full 
basin, through the cross dam^ to keep the mill-works in operation. The 
reservoir is kept full by means of similar flood-gates, opening into the full 
basin (when the rising of the tide gets ascendancy over the water in the 
reservoir), and fills at every flow, and closes again on the receding of the 
tide. In this way, at every high tide, the reservoir is filled, and a contin- 
ual supply of water, to pass through sluice-ways in the cross dam suffi- 
cient to keep in motion, at all times, at least 100 mills and factories. At 
low water the flood-gates of the receiving basin open and discharge the 
water received from the reservoir. 

From this avenue there are excellent roads leading to Roxbury, Brook- 
line, Brighton, and Watertown, which are very extensively travelled. Be- 
sides the income from the mill-privileges, the corporation receives a toll, 
which is granted by the act of incorporation to be perpetual. 



BOSTON BRIDGES AND FERRIES, 135 



week of the term ; the court intending to give their opinion at their next 
meeting ; but in consequence of sickness and death from time to time, the 
six judges who heard the cause argued, never assembled together again. 
At the January term of the court, 1837, the cause was again argued before 
a full bench, by Messrs. Button and Webster, for Charles River Bridge, 
and by Messrs. Greenleaf and Davis for the Warren Bridge, and decided 
in favor of the latter. 

This bridge was so far finished by the 25th of September, 1828, as to ad- 
mit of persons walking over it, and was opened as a public highway on 
the 25th of December following. It is a more complete and elegant struc- 
ture than any other bridge in Boston. It is placed on 75 piers, about 18 
feet from each other, and measures 1,390 feet long; is 44 feet wide, allow- 
ing 30 feet for the carriage-way, and seven feet on each side, which is 
railed, for foot passengers. The floor of the bridge consists of hewn tim- 
ber, one foot thick, on which is spread four inches of clay, then a layer of 
gravel six inches, over the whole surface, and finished by Macadamizing 
eight inches thick ; making the whole thickness of the bridge 30 inches. 
This bridge is placed lower than any of the other bridges^ that the timbers 
might be occasionally wet by the highest tides, which it is supposed will 
tend to their preservation. 

The proprietors were granted a toll, the same as the Charles River 
Bridge, until reimbursed the money expended, with five per cent, interest 
thereon, provided that period did not extend beyond the term of six years 
from the first opening of the bridge; at which time (or sooner if the re- 
imbursement by the receipt of tolls should permit) the bridge was to re- 
vert to the State in good repair. By the act of incorporation the proprie- 
tors were required to pay one half the sum allowed Harvard College, 
annually, from the proprietors of Charles River Bridge. This bridge was 
declared free March 2, 1836, with a surplus fund on hand, accruing from 
tolls, of $37,437, after paying all expenses of erecting the bridge, and 
keeping the same in repair ; since which, the interest of the fund has kept 
the bridge in repair and paid expenses. 

VII. WINNISIMMET FERRY. 

This ferry, which has become an important avenue to the city, is be- 
tween the northerly end of Hanover street and Chelsea, and is one mile and 
three eighths in length. It is the oldest ferry in New England, and is be- 
lieved to be the earliest established in the United States. Its name is de- 
rived from the Indian name of Chelsea. 

There are five steam ferry-boats, for the transportation of passengers, 
horses and carriages. Some one of these leaves eac^ side every ten or fif- 
teen minutes from sunrise to 11 o'clock at night. 



[lai] 

ROBERT WEIR, 

iMm 



\ v^ W!l '^" '*»' ^?l ^ '^i i W^ ^Z 
No. 4 Niles' Block, City Hall Square, 

Leading through from Court Square to School Street, 

BO STOISr. 

Would take this method of inviting your attention to his ■well selected 
Stock of 

FOREIGN AND DOMESTIC CLOTHS, 

CASSIMEEES, DOESKINS & TESTINGS, 

Which he would be happy at all times to oflFer for your examination, at the 
LOWEST MARKET PRICES. 

Being now permanently located in this great thoroughfare of the city, 
In the centre of business, it is my determination to keep no goods but 
the VERY BEST FABRIC, and make the just and admirable plan of but 
ONE PRICE. 

With the above observations by way of a preface, we would call your 
attention to the 

CUTTINO DEPARTMENT, 

Which shall be conducted by skilful artisans of long-tried experience, 
and having every needful facility at their control, we are prepared to 
make 

GARMENTS OF THE MOST BEAUTIFUL WORKIANSBIP, 

To FIT the most fastidious, and, in all respects, EQUAL if not SUPE- 
RIOR, to those made at any other establishment, at prices corresponding 
to t he principal of 

** LAKGE SALES AND SMALL PROFITS." 

The FASHION PLATES will be received every month, and those who 
are eager to adopt th^ LATEST FASHIONS, will find their wishes fully 
anticipated. The wants of those who are disinclined to leap at once to 
the height of the fashions, are not overlooked, but a good variety of a 
medium line of style, is kept on the counter. 

With these facilities, for executing all orders entrusted to us, with 
promptness, neatness and despatch, we hope to merit a continuance of 
public patronage. 




Auction everv Saturday for the sale of new and second hand Furniture, Piano Fortes, 
Crockery and 6lass Ware, and Merchandise generally. tu^ „i „i 

Particular attention paid to the sale of Furniture at private residences. Liberal ad- 
vances made on consignnaents, when 'required. ^^^^^^^^^ HENNESEY, Auctioneer. 



BOSTON HARBOR. 



VIII. EAST BOSTON FERRIES. 



Are two short ferries between North and East Boston, established by a 
license from the City GoTernment in 1835, and is owned by incor- 
porated companies. There are six large steamboats, four of which are 
constantly plying from daylight until 12 at night, every day in the year. 
Tolls : — For foot passengers, 3 cents each way ; yearly ticket for a 
family consisting of two persons, $8. 



The Harbor extends from Nantasket to the city, and spreads from Chel- 
sea and Nahant to Hingham containing about 75 square miles. It is be- 
spangled with upwards of 50 islands or rocks, and receives the waters 
from the Mystic, Charles, Neponset, and Manatticut Rirers, with several 
other smaller streams. The most noted islands are Governor's Island and 
Castle Island, both of which are fortified : the former is now called Fort 
Warren the latter Fort Independence. They lie about two and a half miles 
easterly from the city, dividing the inner from the outer harbor, about one 
mile distant from each other, and the only channel for large ships passes 
between them. Belle Isle and East Boston lie to tbe northeast of the 
city on the Chelsea coast, which, together with most of the islands in the 
harbor, come within the jurisdiction of the city. Deer Island, about five 
miles east, and Long Island about five and a half east by south, command 
the outer harbor. Thompson and Spectacle Islands lie southeasterly to- 
wards Squantum, and within the parallel of Long Island. Rainsford, or 
Hospital Island, is about one mile southeasterly from Long Island. Gallop, 
George, and Lovel's Islands, lie east by south, from seven to eight miles 
from Boston, and between Broad Sound and Nantasket Road. Pethick's 
Island lies south of Nantasket Road, or Hingham Bay. The Lighthouse 
Island, on which the Lighthouse stands, lies south 69 deg. east, 8% miles. 
The Brewsters, Calf Island, Green Island, &c., lie northerly from the 
Lighthouse, forming a chain of islands, rocks, and ledges about three 
miles, to the Graves Rocks, between which no ships attempt to pass. The 
water i i this harbor is of a sufficient depth to admit 500 ships of the 
largest class to ride at anchor in safety ; while the entrance is so narrow 
as scarcely to admit two ships abreast. Boston is finely situated for com" 
merce, and has more shipping than any other city in the United States, 
except New York. The wharves and piers are extensive,— provided with 
spacious stores and warehouses, with every convenience for the safe 
mooring and securing of vessels. 

The city exhibits a very picturesque and beautiful view when approached 
from the sea, and its general appearance is much admired by strangerg 



PANEUIL HALL. 137 



FANEUIL. HAIili. 



The history of Faneuil Hall, which has been very properly styled the 
"Cradle of American Liberty," is intimately connected with that of our 
country. The original building, commenced in 1740, was the noble gift of 
Peter Faneuil, Esq., to the town of Boston, for a town hall and market 
place. The inside woodwork and roof of this building were destroyed by 
fire on the 13th of January, 1761. It was again repaired in 1763, with 
some slight alteration in the work, but the size of the building remained 
the same, two stories high and 100 feet by 40. The enlargement, by which 
it was extended in width to 80 feet, and a third story added, was proposed 
by the selectmen in May, 1805, and completed in the course of the year. 
The building has a cupola, from which there is a fine view of the harbor. 
The great hall is 76 feet square, and 28 feet high, with galleries of three 
sides upon Doric columns; the ceiling is supported by two ranges of Ionic 
columns ; the walls enriched with pilasters and the windows with archi- 
traves, kc. Platforms under and in the galleries rise amphitheatrically 
to accommodate spectators, and from trials already made on various occa- 
sions of public interest, it appears favorable for sight and sound. 

The west end is decorated by an original full length painting of Wash- 
ington, by Stuart, presented by Samuel Parkman, Esq., and another paint- 
ing of the same size, by Col. Henry Sargent, representing Peter Faneuil, 
Esq., in full length, copied from an original of smaller size. 

Above the great hall is another 78 feet long and 30 wide, devoted to the 
exercise of the different- military corps of the city, with a number of 
apartments on each side for depositing the arms and military equipments, 
where those of the several Independent Companies are arranged and kept 
in perfect order. The building also contains convenient ofiices for the 
Overseers of the Poor, Assessors, &;c. 

During the summer of 1827, the city government thoroughly repaired 
the building and divided the lower story, which had formerly been used 
for a market, into eight elegant and convenient stores, which give to the 
city upwards of S 4,600 per annum. The building was at the same time 
painted a light Portland stone color. 

In the annals of the American Continent, there is no one place, more 
distinguished for powerful eloquence, than Faneuil Hall. That flame 
which roused a depressed people from want and degradation, arose from 
the altar of Liberty in Faneuil Hall. The language which made a mon- 
arch tremble upon his throne for the safety of his colonies, and which in- 
spired New England with confidence in a cause, both arduous and bold, 
unprepared and unassisted, against a royal bulwark of hereditary authori- 
ty, had its origin in Faneuil Hall. Those maxims of political truth which 
have extended an influence over the habitable globe, and have given rise 
to new republics where despotism once held a court, glutted with the 



138 FANEUIL HALL MARKET. 

blood that would be free, were first promulgated in Faneuil Hall. Tyran- 
ny, with all its concomitant evils, was first exposed, and the great ma- 
chine of human wisdom, which was to emancipate man from the rapacious 
jaws of the British lion, was put in active operation in Faneuil Hall. 
The story of our country's future greatness, her power, her learning, her 
magnitude, her final independence, was told prophetically in the same im- 
mortal forum. 



FANEUIIi HALL. MARKET. 

Faneuil Hall Market is situated at the east end of Faneuil Hall, between 
two streets called North and South Market Streets, having two streets 
passing at right angles at the east and west fronts, the one being 76 feet, 
and the other at the east end, 65 feet wide. North Market street is 65 feet 
wide, the South 102 feet, each street having a range of stores four storiea 
high with granite fronts ; the range of stores on the north side 520 feet, 
and 55 feet deep ; on the south 530 feet, and 65 feet deep ; (an arched ave- 
nue in centre of each range, five feet wide, communicating with the ad- 
joining streets ;) the facade of which is composed of piers, lintel, and 
arched windows on the second story. The roofs are slated, and the cellars 
water-proof. The height and form of the stores were regulated by the 
conditions of sale. The purchaser was required to erect, within a limited 
time, a brick store with hammered stone front, (granite piers) in strict 
conformity with a plan drawn by Mr. Alexander Parris. 

The first operation for locating and building this spacious and superb 
market house commenced on the 20th of August, 1824, by staking out the 
ground for the same, and for the North Market street ; the old buildings 
standing on the premises having been previously purchased by the city, 
but not removed. 

Shortly after the razing of these buildings, the filling up of the docks, 
and other work, necessary for clearing the wide area, and preparing for 
laying the corner-stone of the structure, were simultaneously entered upon, 
and carried through, to the raising of the splendid dome, without the in- 
tervention, we believe, of a single accident, or occurrence affecting hu- 
man life. 

The corner-stone of this building was laid with much ceremony. Tha 
plate deposited beneath it bears the names of the Mayor, Aldermen and 
Common Council, Building Committee and principal Architect, besides 
the following inscription : — " Faneuil Hall Market, established by tha 
city of Boston. This stone was laid April 27, Anno Domini Mdcccxxv. 
In the forty-ninth year of American Independence, and in the third of the 
incorporation of the city. John Quincy Adams, President of the United 
States. Marcus Morton, Lt. Governor and Commander-in-Chief of tha 



PANET7IL HALL MARKET. 139 

CommonwaaUli of Massachusetts. The population of the city estimated 
at 50,000; that of the United States 11,000,000." 

In length it is 565 feet 9 inches, in width 50 feet, wholly built of gran- 
ite, having a center building 74 J by 55 feet, projecting 2^ feet in the north 
and south fronts. From the centre buildings are wings on each side, 173 
by 500 feet, the wing continues from a projection of 6 inches, 46 feet 3 
inches, and 51 feet in width, on each facade of which are 5 antaes, pro- 
jecting 6 inches, finishing with a portico at each end of the building, 
projecting 11 feet 7^ inches. The porticos consist of 4 columns, 3j- feet 
diameter at base, and 2 feet 10 inches at neck, each shaft in one piece, 20 
feet 9 inches long, with a capital of the Grecian Doric. The columns sup- 
port a pediment, the tympanum of which has a circular window for ven- 
tilation. The wings are of two stories, the lower one 14 feet, the upper 
14^ feet, the lower windows have circular heads. The building ia finished 
with a Grecian cornice 16 inches in depth, and 21 inches projection, 
worked in granite. The roof is slated, and gutters copper. The height of 
the wings from the sidewalk to the top of the cornice is 31 feet. 

The facade of the centre building, up to the under side of the second 
story windows, is composed of five recesses of piers and arches of grooved 
ashler, on the lop of which are again formed recesses by antaes, support- 
ing a frieze and cornice, similar to the wing building ; in each recess is a 
circular headed window, the centre a Venetian ; on the top of the cornice 
is a blocking course, and an octagon attic, 6 feet high, with two elliptical 
sawtells, surmounted by a dome covered with copper, and crowned by a 
lantern light. At each angle on top of the centre building is a pedestal, 
in which are placed the necessary flues. 

The whole edifice is supported by a base of Quincy blue granite, 2 feet 
10 inches high, with arched windows and doors, communicating with the 
cellars. 

The building is approached by 6 steps of easy ascent; each wing has 6 
doors. The centre building in the north and south front, a pair of folding 
doors, enter a passage 10 feet wide, paved with brick, laid on ground arch- 
es ; the wings have also a passage way of smaller dimensions to corres- 
pond. 

The principal entrances are from the east and west porticos, which com- 
municate with the corridor, 512 feet long, 12 feet wide, with entablatures, 
finished with a cove ceiling. The interior is divided into 128 stalls, and 
occupied as follows, viz: 14 for mutton, lamb, veal and poultry ; 2 for 
poultry and venison; 19 for pork, lamb, butter and poultry; 45 for beef; 
4 for butter and cheese ; 19 for vegetables ; and 20 for fish. 

On Ihe south front are four doorways opening to staircases, leading to 
the second story, in the centre of which is a hall, 70 by 60 feet, having a 
dome, springing from four segmental arches, ornamented with panels and 
rosettes, inthe crovra of which is an elliptical opening, 14 by 12 feet. 



140 GRAND JUNCTION RAILROAD. 



THE GRAND JUNCTION RAII4ROAD. 

It is the design of this corporation to establish an extensive freight de- 
pot, at East Boston, adjoining the Eastern Railroad and British Steam- 
ship Depots, on the deepest and best sheltered part of Boston harbor, for 
the accommodation of, and forming a junction with, the several railroads 
terminating in Boston. The area of this depot is about thirty-five acres ; 
and, united with the Eastern, which it adjoins, makes one grand freight de- 
pot, for the shipping interest, of fifty acres ; extending from the Ferry 
wharf, southerly, on Marginal street, 2,150 feet, and westerly, 1,100 feet, 
to the Commissioners' Line, in the harbor- channel. It is more particular- 
ly designed, however, for the great Northern line of roads now built and 
in progress of construction through the principal manufacturing districts 
of this State, and thence through New Hampshire and Vermont into both 
Canadas, and reaching Northern New York at Ogdensburgh, on the St. 
Lawrence, at the mouth of the Oswegatchie, connecting Boston by the 
shortest and most expeditious route with the great West. By the estab- 
lishment of this depot, the carrying trade of the Canadas will be secured 
to the United States, and more especially to Boston. 

Samuel S. Lewis, Esq,., is the projector of this enterprise, and we are 
glad to observe that some of our most intelligent and energetic citizens are 
associated with him in carrying it out. 

The Railroad connecting the Depot lands at East Boston with the East- 
ern, Boston and Maine, and Lowell and Fitchburg roads, is nearly graded, 
and will be completed and in operation in the summer. 

The charter of this company allows any other railroad corporation to 
establish depots on their premises, and authorizes such railroad corpora- 
tions as may establish depots there, to hold lands necessary therefor, in fee 
simple, or otherwise. Boston, from its favorable position, being nearer 
than New York to the Upper and Lower British Provinces, and also 
to Europe by sailing vessels, from four to seven days, and by steam, from 
one and a half to two days, is destined to become a great export city, 
when her railroads now in progress of construction shall have reached the 
Canadas, the Lakes, and the great West, affording facilities to bring to her 
port for shipment the vast products of the West. The road is now com- 
pleted to Ogdensburgh, and the advantages of Boston as a shipping port 
will be more fully developed, and will be found equal to any in the Union. 
It is also predicted that by our railroad connections, commencing at the de- 
pot of this Company, on the deepest water in the harbor, extending and 
communicating with both the Canadas by the shortest and most expedi- 
tious route, Boston will also become the port of entry for the Canadas; and 
that goods arriving here in the steamships, after a passsage of twelve to 
thirteen days, may be delivered in Montreal and Upper Canada within 
fifteen days of their shipment in Liverpool, and chargeable with no other 



[133] 

HINCKE BROS. & CO., 

Importers, Dealers and Manufacturers of 
NO. 27 BOYLSTON STREET, 

AND 

CITY MAEL AVENUE, 



O. K. WHE BLOCK, 

SUCCESSOR TO 

DAVID PORTER. 




AND 



28 Sudbury Street, Up Stairs, 



Opposite 
Gerrish Market, 



N. B. All kinds of male and female domestic help furnished AT shoet 

NOTICE. 

.A.STE,OIL.Oa--Y'- 
DR. T. EISTER, 



Can be consulted in person or by letter, (enclosing a stamp for the an- 
swer,) at his residence 25 Lowell Street, Boston, Mass., every 
day in the week, till 8 P.M. Time of birth wanted, and sex of the party. 
Terms.— A brief Oral statement, 50 cents ; in full, all through life, $1. 
Written— A brief outline, $1 ; in full, Xadies, .f 3 ; Gentlemen, $5. All 
letters strictly confidential, and promptly attended to. Or by enclosing 
a stamp a Circular of terms &c., will be sent by return mail. 
23 



WHOLESALE AND EETAIL DEALERS IN 

FIMCES, MIES, COOK ill PARLOR 

STOVES, 

AIR TIGHT CASTIK-GS, JAPANNED AND TIN 'WARE. ! 

Also, a good assortment of 

BRITANNIA IT A R E , 




SENATOR COOK STOVE, 

This is a new Stove, plain in its design, ornamental in its appearance, its flues 
are dififerently constructed from all others. A full explanation will be given by 
calling at the Store of 

O. DAY & CO., 
71 "Union Street, 3 doors west of Hanover Street, 

Near Haymarket Square, 
ORRIN DAY. GEORGE W. SWAIN. 



EAST BOSTON. 141 

expenses than freight on shipboard and railroad ; thus placing the Canada 
importer, by the way of Boston, on an equal footing as to time (and with 
but trifling additional expense) with the New York importer via Boston. 

" The objects of this Company, though somewhat various, are all and 
eminently designed to promote the trade and commerce of the city ; to fa- 
cilitate the operations of commerce with the interior trade of the country ; 
to aid in distributing the productions of other countries, and in the export 
trade of our own. By the use of our wharves and railroad, the cars for 
the interior are brought into immediate connection with vessels from every 
port, and the freight of the ship may be exchanged for that of the cars 
without any other agency than that afforded by the accommodations of this 
Company. A ship from England may unload her cargo of merchandise 
to go to Canada, on one train of cars, and receive her cargo of flour for the 
return voyage from the next. Or, by our warehouses, the same cargo of 
merchandise, or the same freight of flour, may be placed in store or bond 
until required, and it will be seen that whatever the commodity, wherever 
it came from, or where designed to be sent, the saving of expense in the 
facilities afforded by this Company would equal a large part of the cost of 
conveying it to the interior from the ship, or to the ship from the interior. 

"The geographical relations of the city of Boston, being almost an 
island, are peculiar. Although the extent of the city proper, at the pres- 
ent time, is estimated to be nearly double its original size, its capacity is 
all improved ; dwelling-houses are constantly giving room to stores ; and 
the increasing business of the city is still demanding further and larger 
accommodations. In fact, Boston has not only spread itself out, as it 
were, in all directions, but has actually extended its limits across two arms 
of the sea, and, once a city of three hills, is fast becoming a city of three 
cities ; and, at the same time, as if in this number was to be found the 
magic of the city's greatness, three other cities have grown up around her 
by the same impulse, — all indicative of the industry, activity, and enter- 
prise of the New England character." 

Officers. — Samuel S. Lewis, President; Dexter Brigham, Jr., Treas- 
urer ; J. P. Robinson, Clerk ; "William L. Dearborn, Engineer. Direct- 
ors, — David Henshaw, Charles Paine, John W, Fenno, Ichabod Goodwin. 



East Boston. — This portion of the city was originally known aa Nod- 
dle's Island. Within the last twenty years it has become an important 
part of Boston, and now forms with the islands in the harbor the second 
ward, with a population of 16,000 persons. The Cunard line of steamers 
have their wharf at East Boston. There are several ship-yards within the 
limits of this ward, also a large Sugar Refinery. The Eastern Railroad 
commences at the wharf in East Boston. 



]42 BOSTON ASYLUM AND FARM SCHOOL. j 



BOSTON ASYLUM AlVD FARM SCHOOL, ON 
THOMPSON'S ISLAND. 

In the year 1813, several gentlemen formed a society for the relief and 
education of such boys as might be found destitute of parental and friendly 
superintendence. 

In February, 1814, an Act of Incorporation was granted them, and the 
society was organized, with the title of the Boston Asylum for Indigent 
Boys. For many years it was located at the corner of Salem and Charter 
streets, in the house formerly occupied by Governor Phips. 

On the 9th of June, 1835, the boys, 52 in number, were removed to 
Thompson's Island, which is within the limits of the city, and about four 
miles of the City Hall. 

A number of gentlemen in the city were very desirous that an institution 
should be established here, to which children either already corrupted, or 
beyond parental control, might be sent without the intervention of a legal 
conviction and sentence ; and in which such employments might be pur- 
sued by the children, as would make the institution, in the strictest sense, 
a school of industry. A plan for this object was submitted to a few gentle- 
men, by whom it was approved and matured ; and a meeting was held in 
the hall of the Tremont Bank on the 27th of January, 1832, when a board 
of directors were chosen. Subscription papers were opened, and $23,000 
were soon obtained. In the summer of 1833 following, Thompson's Island, 
containing 140 acres, was purchased for the objects of the institution ; and 
a building is now completed there, which, besides ample accommodations 
for the officers of the establishment, is quite sufficient for the charge of 
more than 300 children. A suggestion having been made of the expedi- 
ency of connecting the proposed Farm School with the Asylum for Indi- 
gent Boys, conferences were held between the directors of these Institu- 
tions ; and in March, 1835, they were united under the style of the Boston 
Asylum and Farm School. 

The objects of the present institution are to rescue from the ills and the 
temptations of poverty and neglect, those who have been left without a 
parent's care; to reclaim from moral exposure those who are treading the 
paths of danger ; and to offer to those whose only training would other- 
wise have been in the walks of vice, if not of crime, the greatest blessing 
which New England can bestow upon her most favored sons. On the 1st 
of January, 1837, there were 107 boys ; all of whom, as well as all other per- 
sons connected with the establishment on the island, were in good health. 
The occupations and employments of the boys vary with the season. In 
spring, summer, and autumn, the larger boys work upon the garden and 
farm. lihe younger boys have small gardens of their own, which af 
ford them recreation when released from school. In the winter season 
most of them attend school, where they are instructed in the learning usu- 



ISLANDS IN BOSTON HARBOR. 143 

ally taught in our common schools, and some of them are employed in 
making and mending clothes and shoes for the institution. The winter 
evenings are occupied with the study of geography and the use of globes ; 
botany, and practical agriculture ; lecturing on different subjects ; singing 
and reading. Every boy in the institution is required to be present during 
the evening exercises if he is able. As to the success of the boys in the 
farming operations. Captain Chandler, the superintendent, says, " they 
have succeeded far beyond my expectations^ I think that they have done 
more, work, and done it better, than the boys of their age who have been 
regularly brought up to the business in the country, generally dp." And 
as to the comfort and contentedness of the boys, he says, " they are all com- 
fortably clad with woollen clothes, shoes, stockings, and caps, and appear 
to be as happy in their present situation, as boys generally are under the 
paternal roof. The boys are well supplied with books, and required to 
keep them in order, — their library containing about 400 volumes of well- 
selected books," 

Opportunities are occasionally offered to the friends of boys at the insti- 
tution, of visiting them on the island in the summer months. Twelve 
have been indented, principally as farmers. The present number is 100. 

The annual subscription is $ 3 ; for life membership $ 25. This institu- 
tion bids fair to become one of the most useful in our city. 



ISLANDS IN BOSTON HARBOR. 

The islands in Boston harbor are delightful resorts for citizens and 
strangers during the hot summer weather. If there are natural beauties, 
romantic elevations, or silent and wild retreats, in the vicinity of Boston, 
worth the poet's and philosopher's attention, they are in the harbor; but 
to be admired they must be seen. These islands are gradually wearing 
away, and where large herds of cattle were pastured sixty years ago, the 
ocean now rolls its angry billows, and lashes with an overwhelming surge 
the last remains of earth. From the appearance which the islands present 
at this period, these were once round, or in otber words, were nearly circu- 
lar at the base, and rose above the water like a dome ; but the northern 
blasts, in connection with the terrible force of the tides accompanying 
such storms, have completely washed away every one of them upon the 
north side, in such a manner that they actually appear like half an island, 
— having had a vertical section, and hence there is a perpendicular bank 
facing the north, while the south and west gradually slope to the edge. To 
the east, the tide has made some destruction, but it bears no proportion to 
the north. This peculiarity is observable in all the islands which have 
soil. Towards the outer lighthouse, the islands are almost barren ledges 
of rocks, — having been washed of the earth from time immemoristl. It is 



[136) 

EDWIN A. SMALLWOOD, 

MANUFACTURER AND DEALER IN 

FUBNITUfiE, SOFAS, 

TETE-A-TETES, DIVANS, 



AND 

^11 iMB aeeiiHs eiiiis 

OF THE LATEST STYLE. 

Having added to his extensive Manufactory, STEAM POW- 
ER, -with Superior Machinery, he is prepared to fill any orders 
with promptness and despatch, at his 

IVAREROOMS, 

Beach, corner of Lincoln Street, 

Or at the Manufactory, Newton Corner. 



144 ISLANDS IN BOSTON HARBOR. 

on the nortljeaslern sides thai the most danger is to be apprehended. 
Thompson's Island, lying between the Castle and Moon Head, is secured 
by natural barriers, as the former receives and resists the force of the tide 
before it reaches Thompson's ; but Long Island, although defended in a 
measure by Rainsford, Gallop, George's, and Lovel's Islands, has lost con- 
siderable soil. Spectacle Island, so called from its supposed resemblance 
to a pair of spectacles, is sifting away by slow degrees, and nothing will 
prevent it. 

GEORGE'S ISLAND. 

This island is the key to the harbor, — commanding the open sea, afford- 
ing one of the beet places for fortifications of any among the number. 
There is an elevation on the east and northeast, nearly 50 feet above high- 
water-mark, in some places, with an easy ascent towards the south and 
southwest to the channel. This is the property of the United States. 
Fifty thousand dollars have been expended by Government for building a 
sea wall on the northeast. A trench was dug at the foot, below the low- 
water-mark, in which the foundation has been laid. This was made of split 
stone, of great weight, and bolted together with copper. We have never 
seen any masonry that would compare with it, in point of strength and 
workmanship. On this a second wall has been erected, equally formida- 
ble, on which the artillery is to be mounted. Under the superintendence 
of Captain Smith, whose good judgment has been exercised from the begin- 
ning, we may expect a fort in the outer harbor that will bid defiance to all 
the ships of war that ever sailed. 

CASTLE ISLAND, 

On which stands Fort Independence, was selected aa the most suitable 
place for a fortress for the defence of the harbor, as early as 1633. It was 
built at first with mud walls, which soon fell to decay, and was afterwards 
rebuilt with pine trees and earth. In a short time, this also became use- 
less, and a small castle was built with brick walls, and had three rooms in 
it ; a dwelling-room, a lodging-room over it, and a gun-room over that. 
The erection of this castle gave rise to the present name of the island. 
Great improvements are in progress here by the United States Govern- 
ment. 

GOVERNORS' ISLAND, 

Lies about one mile north of Castle Island, and was first called Conant's 
Island. It was demised to Governor Winthrop in 1632, and for many 
years after was called the Governor's Garden. It is now in the possession 
of James Winthrop, Esq., a descendant of the first Governor, excepting a 
part conveyed by him to the United States, for the purpose of constructing 
a fortress, now called Fort Warren. Its situation is very commanding, and 
in some respects superior to Castle Island. 



ISLANDS IN BOSTON HARBOR. 145 

NODDLE'S ISLAND. 
Was first occupied by Samuel Maverick. He was on it when the settle- 
ment of Boston commenced. He built a fort in which he mounted four 
cannonSj and afterwards had a grant of it from the General Court. In 
1814, a strong fortress was built on this island by the citizens and called 
Fort Strong, in honor of the QoTernor. This island is now known by 
the name of East Boston. 

POINT SHIRLY. 

Formerly had the name of Pulling Point. The name which it now 
bears was given to it by the proprietors as a mark of respect to the late 
Governor Shirly. 

DEER ISLAND. 

Is a delightful island, and is owned and leased by the city. It was for- 
merly a place of great resort in the summer season for parties of pleasure. 
It is now entirely occupied for the City Institutions. The general govern- 
ment for several years past have been building a sea-wall round it of a 
formidable character. The first appropriation of Congress towards the 
object was eighty-seven thousand dollars. 

LIGHTHOUSE ISLAND. 
W^i known for many years by the name of Beacon Island. The first 
lighthouse was erected in 1715. Pilots are established at this place, pro- 
vided with excellent boats, and a piece of artillery to answer signals. 

THOMPSON'S ISLAND. 
This is a promontory, nearly a mile and a half long, jutting Into the 
harbor, opposite Spectacle Island. The Boston Farm School Association 
have purchased this island, and established he'-e their Farm School. 

NIX'S MATE. 
Is an irregular, barren and rocky base of an island, between Gallop and 
Long Island Head, almost entirely concealed at high water. There is a 
beacon of split stone in the centre, nearly forty feet square, fastened to. 
gether by copper bolts, which perfectly secures it from the tremendous 
force of the waves in times of northeasterly gales. To speak more defi- 
nitely, the shape is a parallelogram, the sides being 12 feet high, and as 
cended by stone steps on the south side. On the top of this is a six-sided 
pyramid of wood, 20 feet high, with one window to the south. This is the 
conspicuous part of the beacon, and serves as a prominent warning to sea- 
men, to keep from the dangerous shoal on which it stands. At low tide, 
more than an acre of land is visible, and at high tide, only small boats can 



146 BOSTON IN DISTRICTS, 



sail to the monument. A very aged gentleman states, that he can remem- 
ber when Nix's Mate was a verdant island, on which a large number of 
sheep were pastured. Forty-five years ago, although the soil is now com- 
pletely gone, there was pasturage for 50 head of sheep, entirely above high- 
water-mark. 

Tradition says, that the master of a vessel, whose name was Nix, was 
murdered by his mate, and buried on this island, some century and a half 
ago. The mate was executed for the horrid crime, but declared he was in- 
nocent of the murder, and prophesied that the island, as an evidence of his 
innocence, would be entirely washed away. He was executed nearly on 
the spot where the pyramid is erected. The total disappearance of the 
land, above water, has led many to believe the truth of his assertion,— 
that he was unjustly put to death. The circumstances were handed down 
from one generation to another, till the erection of the beacon, when by 
general consent, among seamen, it took the name of Nix's Mate. It was 
the custorh about a century ago to hang pirates in chains on this island, to 
strike a terror to sailors as they come into port, that the influence might 
deter them from the commission of such wickedness. 



BOSTOX IIV DISTRICTS. 

NORTH BOSTON. 
Boston, like many other large cities, has been, by common consent, di- 
vided into districts, with names indicating the location of each. Thus we 
have North Boston, West Boston, East Boston, South End, and South Bos- 
ton. The first section embraces the north end of the city, or all that part 
lying north of Faneuil Hall, and what was the Canal, or Mill-Creek. This 
is the oldest part, and formerly had the advantage of the principal trade. 
The streets here are generally narrow and crooked, and some of them re- 
main much as they were when first constructed, on the model of the old 
towns in England. "The government of the town, soon after its settle- 
ment, endeavored to correct some of their early errors, yet they seem to 
have had an utter aversion to straight lines or right angles ; and though 
their moral walk was upright, they took little pains to make their crooked 
highways straight." This irregularity, however, was partly occasioned 
by the uneven surface of the ground when the city was first built, and it is 
by no means certain that this ancient disposition of the streets, manifests 
a want of taste, or has materially injured the appearance of the city. On 
this subject a writer observes, "the forms and turnings of the streets of 
London, and other old towns, are produced by accident, without any origi- 
nal plan or design ; but they are not always the less pleasant to the walker 
or spectator, on that account. On the contrary, had they been built on 



BOSTON IN DISTRICTS. 147 

the regular plan of Sir Christopher Wren, the effect might have been, as it 
ia in some new places, rather unpleasing." In North Boston the buildings 
are mostly old, and many are built of wood, and exhibit the different styles 
of architecture used for a period of more than a century and a half Ex- 
cept a portion of what was formerly the MiU-Pond, the only spot of land 
not covered by buildings at present is on Copps Hill, and the greater part of 
this is occupied for a burial ground. From this hill the British cannon- 
aded the town of Charlestown in 1775, during the memorable battle of 
Bunker Hill, when the village was principally destroyed by conflagration. 
They left a small fort standing on this hill, which remained a favorite re- 
sort for the recreation of school boys till 1807. The natural situation of 
this section of the city gives it an advantage over any other part ; whether 
considered as a place for comfortable and healthy residence or its conven- 
ience for trade. The channel of Charles River runs close to the shore, and 
has depth and width sufficient to accommodate ships of the greatest bur- 
den. The spirit for improvement, recently awakened in North Boston, 
shows that the citizens begin to appreciate its advantages. 

WEST BOSTON. 
This part of the city lies between the Common and Canal street, west of 
Hanover and Tremont streets, and has been recently built. The buildings 
are principally of brick, erected in a handsome style, and are mostly used 
as dwellings. The State-House, Hospital, National Theatre, Court-House, 
and Jail, are located in this section. 

SOUTH END. 
The South End comprises all the peninsula south of Summer and Win- 
ter streets, and extends to Roxbury. About one fourth of the buildings in 
this section are of wood. Those that have been most recently erected are 
of brick and granite, exhibiting an improved style of architecture. The 
buildings here, also, are generally occupied for dwellings, except the lower 
storie(? cf those on Washington street. 

SOUTH BOSTON. 
South Boston is that section of the city which is separated from the pen- 
insula, or the ancient town, by an arm of the harbor reaching to Rox- 
bury. It contains about 560 acres, and, except East Boston, is the newest 
and most unsettled part o the city. Within a few years the population 
has increased rapidly, and a considerable number of buildings has been 
erected, principally of brick. This once was a part of Dorchester, and 
embraces the hills formerly known as Dorchester Heights, so famed in the 
annals of the American Revolution. There are two free bridges that con- 
nect this with the older part of the city ; — one is at- the South End near 
the commencement of the Neck ; the other leads from Wind-Mill Point, 
and was built in 1828. There is one bank located here. 



148 BOSTON IN DISTRICTS. 



EAST BOSTON. 

This is an island, formerly known as Maverick 's, Noddle's, and Wil- 
liams' Island. In 1814, the citizens of Boston erected a fort on its eastern 
extremity, which was called Fort Strong. In 1830, some eight or ten of 
our most enterprising capitalists, purchased this island and commenced 
laying it out into streets and lots, with a view of making it an important 
part of the city. 

Among the important improvements in that portion of the city termed 
East Boston, we enumerate I. The introduction of the Cochituate water 
by the city of Boston. II. The construction of the Grand Junction Rail 
road, now near its completion. III. The construction of the sea-wall 
across the Basin, thus reclaiming a large quantity of low lands which 
were hitherto partially covered by the tide-waters. These lands consist 
of marsh and flats to the extent of about ninety-five acres, lying between 
Westwood Island and the Eastern Railroad. 

The population of East Boston at this time amounts to 16,000, exclusive 
of a great number of mechanics and laborers who here find employment, 
but whose families reside elsewhere. 

The religious advantages of East Boston are suflBciently varied and ex 
tensive to suit all shades of opinion. Seven different denominations main- 
tain the preaching of the Gospel, viz ; — Orthodox, Baptist, Methodist, 
Catholic, Universalist, Unitarian, and Episcopal. Five of these societies 
have commodious church edifices, the others worship in large and con- 
venient halls ; together, they furnish accommodations for seating 3,750 
persons. The educational advantages of East Boston are most ample. 
There are two Grammar Schools with 20 teachers, and an attendance of 
1083 scholars ; and 19 Primary Schools with 19 teachers and an attend- 
ance of about 1,042 scholars. Besides the above Public Schools, 2 Pri 
vate Schools are sustained on the Island. We have also a Library Asso 
cjation, which was established in 1849, and which now has a library of 
over 700 volumes. Able and valuable Lectures are given before this 
Association, during the wint«r months. 

A Benevolent Society for the relief of the destitute is also sustained by 
our citizens. A Savings Bank and a Fire Insurance Company are also 
located in East Boston. 

The following summary of statistics will exhibit the amount of capital 



BOSTON IN DISTRICTS. 149 



invested in manufacturing and mechanical business in East Boston, the 
number of hands employed, and the amount of annual products. 





No. of 


Annual 


Capital. 


hands. 


product. 


$1,858,000 


1,192 


3,769,916 


71,000 


295 


851,300 


45,000 




332,000 


82,000 


275 


140,000 


49,000 


25 


138,300 



Manufacturing and Mechanics, 
Ship Building, .... 
Lumber, Wood, Coal, &c., 
Teaming, Trucking, &c., 
Curing and Packing Fish. 

$2,056,000 1,785 5,231,716 

Steam power is used in 20 of the establishments mentioned in the table, 
and three others are making preparations to use it. 

East Boston, with its superior location for commercial and manufac- 
turing purposes, will doubtless soon double its present population. It 
has a water frontage of 17,000 feet on the deep water of the harbor as 
well adapted and better protected for commerce than wharves in the city 
proper. This has been fully proved by the late severe gale ; while wharves 
in the other parts of the harbor and shipping received great damage, none, 
comparatively speaking, was sustained at the wharves at East Boston. 

The Grand Junction Railroad with its large and commodious shipping 
depot is nearly completed. This road will unite East Boston with all the 
principal roads from the city, thus affording an unbroken chain of rail- 
road communication from the deep water wharves in this section of the 
city through the great manufacturing districts of New England to the 
Canadas, the lakes, and the great "West, greatly to the advantage of the 
commerce of Boston, by bringing to and taking from the ships and ware- 
houses all merchandise intended for the interior, and products and man- 
ufactures destined for shipment, free from expense of transhipment. 

The East Boston Company are now about closing contracts for building 
a block of fire-proof granite warehouses upon their depot grounds. 

It is confidently expected that a large shipping business will soon be 
commenced at these depots, greatly to the advantage of East Boston. 

The Grand Junction Railroad can extend its track whenever the public 
convenience shall require it, around 23,000 feet frontage of the deep water 
in Boston Harbor, the whole front of Chelsea and East Boston, from the 
free bridge in Chelsea Creek to Jeffries Point. 

The great railroad system of New England, radiating from Boston in 
all directions, is nearly completed. There are now finished and in oper- 
ation, three great lines of road from Boston to the Canadas and Great 

24 



150 BOSTON IN DISTRICTS. 

West, and two other lines are partially finished. The lines completed and 
in operation are the Western, the Southern, and the Northern routes, 
through New Hampshire and Vermont. The lines partially ccftnpleted, are 
the Passumpsic and Troy. When all these five great lines are in full opei- 
ation, reaching the Canadas and Great West at different points, Boston will 
realize the full henefit of her magnificent enterprise and enormous expen- 
ditures in perfecting this great work, which must prove so advantageous 
to both her local and commercial business. The eligibility of her location 
as a shipping port for the Canadas, and an export city for the West, will be 
seen by the following statement of distances, as compared with New 
York. 

To Boston. To New York. 

From Liverpool, via Halifax 2,876 miles. 3,093 miles. 

" " direct 2,856 " 3,073 " 

From Halifax 368 " 580 " 

From Montreal 344 " 398 " 

The difference between Liverpool and Montreal, in favor of Boston over 
New York, is 271 miles. * 

The import and export business of the lake harbors in 1851, may be set 
down as equal to $ 200,000,000, exclusive of the trade of the Canadas. Col- 
onel Abert of the United States Topographical Engineers Corps estimates 
the annual increase of the lake business at 17J per cent. ; at that rate the 
business will double in less than every six years. 

The aggregate of exports from Canada West in 1848, was $ 10,000,000, 
and the late Secretary Walker, says the trade with the Canadas, under 
free trade regulations, would amount to % 40,000,000, annually. 

The commerce of the Canadas, after our railroads are completed, is 
doubtless to be carried on through the United States, under recent acts of 
Congress designed for this purpose, allowing goods and merchandise in 
transitu to pass through the country free of duty. The advantages of Bos- 
ton in the competition for this trade are so manifest that their importance 
will be readily appreciated. Cargoes from Liverpooi, in sailing vessels 
from the Canadas, may be delivered, via Boston, in thirty days, and twelve 
days by steamships, and subject only to the freight on shipboard and rail- 
road ; and the productions of the Canadas and Great West, may be shipped 
by the way of Boston at the same expense, and free from all charges of 
transhipment, &c. A fair proportion of this immense business will here- 
after flow over our several lines of railroad to the deep water wharves in 
Boston Harbor, for shipment. 



THEATRES IN BOSTON. 



THEATRES IN BOSTON. 



151 



The Theatres of Boston are limited in number, but excel in appearance. They 
are as follows :— 1. The National Theatre, corner of Portland and Traverse 
streets. 2. The Boston Theatre, on Washington and Mason streets. 3. The 
Howard Athenajum, in Howard street. The Museum, in Tremont street, is also 
open for theatrical performances. 




THE NATIONAL THEATRE. 

This establishment was erected during the summer of 1852, from a design by 
Billings. It is about 150 feet long on Traverse street, by 84 feet front on Portland 
street. The rear is on Friend street. The building has a pleasing architectural 
front, covered with dark brown mastic. Itis well situated on the junction of sev- 
eral great thoroughfares, and in the immediate vicinity of Charlestown, from 
which it probably derives a large portion of its patronage. 

The Theatre has every convenience of ingress and egress. The principal en- 
trance on Portland street, is from three arched doors to the ticket office. Stairs to 
the right lead to the first floor ; on the left, to the family circle or second tier ; and 
from a door on the left of the front, to the upper tier or gallery. 

The lobbies are large and convenient. The audience portion of the theatre, or 
auditorium, is nearly a circle, of about 80 feet diameter. The whole lower floor 
is used as a parquette, or, as formerly called, pit ; there is a division between what 
is properly called the parquette and the boxes, or dress circle, making the par- 
quette itself about 50 feet diameter. The parquette has seats for a few over 400 ; 
dress circle the same number. The family or second circle has seats for between 
500 and 600, but has held 700 persons ; the gallery seats a few over 1,000 persons ; 
making a total, comfortably seated, of about 2,500 persons. 

The stage is 60 feet deep by 76 feet wide, and is well adapted to the class of per- 
formances usually played at this theatre, chiefly Melo-drama. 



152 THEATRES IN BOSTON. 



THE BOSTON THEATRE. 

The new theatre, to which entrauce may be had from both Washington 
and Mason streets, with an auditorium at a comparative distance from 
either, must be considered as occupying a remarkably favorable location, 
being at once very central, easily accessible, and yet desirably quiet. No 
attempt at architectural display has been made on the outside of the 
Structure, the entrance front on "Washington street being a simple three- 
tory building, some 24 feet in width and covered with mastic, while the 
hugh pile of brick wall on Mason street, with its various doors and archcg 
in the first story, and numerous windows above, most of them protected 
with thick iron shutters, presents a solid and flre-defying, but certainly 
not handsome appearance. 

The stage is sixty-seven feot deep from the curtain, and, calculated 
from the extreme front or foot-lights, measures eiglity-live feet. The 
curtain opening is about forty -eight feet in width by forty-one in height. 
There is a depth of some thirty feet below the stJige, and the height from 
the stage to the tly-lloor is sixty-six feet. These distances allow the rais-' 
ing and lowering of scenes without hinges or joints, the use of which 
soon Injures their appearance. There are seven rows of side scenes or 
wings, with considerable space beyond the most remote, for perspective.] 
The stage is provided with traps, bridges, and all imaginable contrivances 
for effect, and is believed to unite more improvements and to be the best 
arranged of any stricture of the kind in this country. The green-room,! 
on the level of the stage, is a decidedly comfort;iblo looking apartment,! 
thirty -four by eighteen feet, neatly finished and tinted, handsomely car- 
peted, and furnished around the sides with cushioned seats, covered withj 
dark green enamelled cloth. Adjoining it is a small "star" dressing- 1 
room, appropriately fitted, and near by is an apartment for the mau-j 
ager — also, a small property room. Above these are the actors' dressing- [ 
rooms, furnished with water, heating appanitus, and all necessary con-[ 
veniences, and still higher is the stage wardrobe-room. i 

The auditorium is about ninety feet in diameter, and circular in form,] 
except that it slightly flattens in the direction of the stage; the depth 
from the curtain to the back of the parquette being eighty -four feet 

The front of the st^xge projects into the auditorium eighteen feet, and 
the height of the auditorium is about fifty -four feet. There are prosce- 
nium boxes on either side of the stage, handsomely draped. A space of 
ten or twelve feet from the parquette wall, and nearly parallel with the 
first tier, is separated and somewhat raised from the middle portion of 
the house, the whole parquette lloor, however, being constructed in ai 
dishing form, and varying several feet. Around the auditorium above 
are the first and second tiers and the gallery, and hanging in front, and 
a little below the first tier or dress circle, is a light balcony containing 
two rows of seats. Each tier has eleven boxes in its centre, separated 
from the remainder of the circle. The fioor in the gallery extends over 
the lower corridors, and allows space for a great number of seats, which, I 
throughout the house, are most comfortably arranged. i 



BOSTON WATjea-WOilKS. 



153 




THE FOUNTAIN ON BOSTON COMMON. 

BOSTON WATER-WORKS. 

No improvement of g^reater magnitude or importance has ever been 
undertaken by the city than the Water- Works. Boston, though origi- 
nally selected aa a place of residence for its abundance of pure water, for 
many years has not contained within itself an adequate supply. As early 
as Feb. 27, 1795, the Boston Aqueduct Company was incorporated for the 
purpose of introducing into the city the water of Jamaica Pond, in Rox- 
bury. This iwnd, at its highest elevation, is 49 feet above tide-water, and 
is capable of a maximum daily supply of about 50,000 gallons. In 1345, 
the company had laid about 5 miles of 8 and 4 inch iron pipe, and 10 
miles of wooden pipe, conveying the water to nearly 3,000 houses. This 
was insuie^iUate to meet the wants of the city. 

At the taking of the census in 1845, a careful examination to ascertain 
the supply of water in Boston was made, with the following results; — 

Not owned 

by Occupant. 

7,169 



Claisses of Houies. 



Owned by 
Occupant. 
Inhabited houses, 3,201 



Houses having wells, .... 1,986 3.301 

WelLs whose water is drinkable, . . 1,635 2,639 

Wells affording a supply, .... 1,750 2,485 

Wells whose water will wash with soap, 75 1.39 

Hou-ses having cisterns, .... 1,6."^ 2,811 

Hou-ses which take aqueduct water, . 973 2,237 



Toul. 
10,370 
5,287 
4..321 
4,235 
214 
4,445 
3.210 



1,731 


3,202 


4,933 


1,215 


3,868 


5,083 


301 


662 


963 


236 


816 


1,052 


1,911 


3,162 


5,073 


1,516 


4,530 


6,046 


1,567 


4,358 


5,925 


2,223 


4,932 


7,160 


1,470 


3,967 


5,437 



154 BOSTON WATER-WORKS. 

Casse. of House,. gcTpln^^. bfo'ccuTanl ^otaK 

Houses supplied with soft water, 

Houses having no wells, 

Wells whose water is not drinkable, . 

Wells which do not afford a supply. 

Wells whose water will not wash with soap, 1,911 

Houses without drinkable well water, 

Houses having no cisterns, . 

Houses which do not take aqueduct water, 2,223 

Houses not supplied with soft water, 

Various Conunissions had been constituted by the city, at different 
times between 1825 and 1844, to examine the waters in the neighborhood, 
for the purpose of selecting one which could properly be introduced into 
the city. None was, however, definitely agreed upon. In August, 1844, 
Messrs. Patrick T. Jackson, Nathan Hale, and James F. Baldwin were 
appointed Commissioners " to report the best mode and expense of bring- 
ing the waters of Long Pond into the city " ; and they reported on the 
9th of November following. At the next session of the Legislature, an 
act was passed giving authority to the city to construct the works, but on 
submitting it to the people, the act was not accepted. In 1845, another 
Commission, consisting of John B. Jervis, of New York, and Walter R. 
Johnson, of Philadelphia, was appointed to report the best sources and 
mode of supply. Their report was made November 18, 1845, and recom- 
mended Long Pond. An act, granting the necessary powers, with author- 
ity to create a city debt of $3,000,000, was passed by the Legislature, 
March 30, 1846, and accepted by the legal voters of the city, April 10, 
1848. Other necessary preliminary measures were taken. Nathan Hale, 
James F. Baldwin, and Thomas B. Curtis were appointed on 4th May, 
1846, Water Conmiissioners, and they entered immediately on the dis- 
charge of their duties. In consequence of the increased expenditures on 
the work, an additional act of the Legislature was passed May 1, 1849, 
authorizing an additional debt of $ 1,500,000. 

Long Pond, or Lake Cochitcate, as it was named in 1846, lies in the 
towns of Framingham, Natick, and Wayland. The gatehouse of the 
aqueduct is in Wayland, near the Natick line. It contains 659 acres, and 
drains about 11,400 acres, and is in some places 70 to 80 feet in depth. It 
is divided into two sections by a dam at the wading place, on the highway 
across the lake from Framingham to Cochituate Village. The northerly 
section, connected with the aqueduct, contains about 200 acres ; and the 
southerly section, which is held in reserve, to be drawn upon as wanted, 
contains about 459 acres. It will supply, according to the lowest estimate, 
10,000,000 gallons of water daily. 

Two Compensation Reservoirs, to supply the water rights on Concord 



BOSTON WATER-WORKS. 155 

River, instead of Long Pond, have been constructed. The "Whitehall res- 
ervoir in Hopkinton, containing 576 acrea, and capable of yielding, for 
three months, 12,000,000 gallons of water each 24 hours ; and the Fort 
Meadow Brook reservoir in Marlborough, containing 290 acres. 

The range between high and low water will be about 7^ feet. At its 
highest elevation it will be about 12 feet above the bottom of the aque- 
duct at the outlet, and 135 feet above high- water at Boston. At its low- 
est level the water will be 124.86 feet above high-water. The fall from the 
Lake to the Brookline reservoir is 4.26 feet, making the height of the res- 
ervoir at its lowest level, 120.60 feet above high-waler-mark. The reser- 
voir will, however, retain the water safely 2^ feet higher, or 123 feet above 
high-water, or 16 feet above the floor of the Stat© House. The Fountain 
Basin on the Common is about 24^ feet above high-water, or 96 feet below 
the minimum level of the Brookline reservoir, and a 3 inch jet has been 
raised thence 92 feet, or within 4 feet of its source, though that source is 
at a distance of 4^- miles. In the lower parts of the city, the water, con- 
veyed through a hose of the ordinary size of 2^ inches, attached to one of 
the hydrants, will throw a column of water, without the aid of a fire en- 
gine, by the force of the head on the pipe, to the height of 75 or 80 feet. 
The Fountain on the Common is supplied with the means of furnishing a 
great variety of jets, many of which are of great beauty, and attract gen- 
eral notice and admiration. One of these is given in the accompanying 
cut. 

The distance from the Lake to Beacon Hill reservoir is as follows : — 

Feet. 
From the Gatehouse at the Lake to the West bank of Charles 

River, near Newton Lower Falls, 41,187 

Thence to the West end of the Brookline reservoir, . . 36,051 

Total, from the Lake to Brookline reservoir, .... 77,238 * 
From West end of Brookline reservoir to the Gatehouse at the 

East end, 2,000 

Thence to Beacon Hill reservoir, 34,898 

Total from West end of Brookline reservoir to Beacon Hill reser- 
voir, 26,898 1 

From the Lake to Beacon Hill reservoir, 104,1361 

The Brookline Reservoir is a beautiful structure, of irregular, elliptic 
shape. The land purchased, including the surrounding embankment, with 
the necessary margin for its protection, was 38 acres. The area of the 
surface of the water is about 22^ acres. It is capable of containing about 
100,000,000 gallons of water, a quantity sufficient for the city for a period 
of two weeks, should the supply by any accident be interrupted so long. 
• Or 14.625 miles. t Or 5.094 miles. I Or 19.719 miles. 



156 



BOSTON WATER-WORKS. 



The Beacon Hill reservoir is a structure of massive stone masonry. Its 
exterior dimensions are, on Deme street 199 feet and 3 inches ; on Temple 
street 182 feet and 11 inches; on Hancock street 191 feet and 7 inches; 
and on the rear of Mount Vernon street 206 feet and 5 inches. Its height, 
from the foundation to the top of the coping, exclusive of the railing, is, 
on Deme street 66 feet, and on the rear of Mount Vernon street 43 feet. 
The foundation or substructure which is to support the basin, or reservoir, 
of water, rests on arches of immense strength, 14^ feet span. The lateral 
basin walls which are to retain the water are 12 feet within the faces of 
the exterior walls on the streets. They are raised from the bottom of the 
reservoir or basin to the height of 15 feet and 8 inches, including 20 inches 
of coping. The contents of the basin will be equal to 2,678,961 wine gal- 
lons, and its mean horizontal section equal to 28,014 square feet. The 
line or level, at this reservoir, corresponding to the maximum level of the 
water in the reservoir at Brookline, which is about 123 feet above marsh 
level, or high-water-mark, will run about 7 inches on the coping, or 14 
feet and 7 inches above the bottom of the basin ; and the minimum level 
of the Brookline reservoir will be 2^ feet below this line. It must be ap- 
parent that whatever may be the height of water at Brookline, it must, 
when flowing, be at a lower level on Beacon hill. The difference in the 
height of water in the two reservoirs will vary with the supply and dis- 
charge. 

On the northerly side of the reservoir are two granite tablets, on which 
are cut the following inscriptions : — 



BOSTON WATER-WORKS. 

BEGUN AUG : 1846. WATER INTRODUCED OCT : 1848. 

JOSIAH QUINCY, JR., Mayor. 

r NATHAN HALE, 
COMMISSIONERS, ^ JAMES F. BALDWIN, 
C THOMAS B. CURTIS. 



BOSTON WATER-WORKS. 

THE reservoir COMPLETED NOV., 1849, 

JOHN P. BIGELOW, Mayor. 

rW. S. WHITWELL, East Div. 
ENGINEERS, < E. S. CHESBROUGH, West Div. 
CJOHN B. JERVIS, Consulting. 



BOSTON WATER-WORKS. 157 

The South Boston reservoir is situated on Telegraph Hill, the old "Dor- 
chester Heights." It is entered by a 20 inch pipe from the main in Tre- 
mont, through Dover street, over the South Free Bridge. The water is 
about 16 feet deep, of the same height as Beacon Hill reservoir, and it will 
contain 7,000,000 gallons. 

The water is conveyed from the Lake to the Brookline reservoir in an 
aqueduct, excepting 965 feet across the valley of Charles River, where 
are two parallel iron pipes of 30 inches in diameter. There are two tun- 
nels, one in Newton of 2,410^ feet, and another in Brookline of 1,123^ feet. 
The former passes through a hill 86 feet below the surface, at its highest 
elevation. The aqueduct is built principally of brick masonry, in an 
oval, egg shape, 6 feet 4 inches in height by 5 feet in width, and has a grad- 
ual fall for the whole distance, including the pipe section, of 3j^ inches to 
the mile, nearly. "With this fall, and a depth of 3 feet 10 inches of water, 
when the conduit is two thirds full, it is estimated to convey 11,000,000 
gallons per day. From the Brookline reservoir it is conveyed to the city 
in two main 36 inch iron pipes. 

In May, 1851, the Cochituate Water Board purchased the property of 
the Jamaica Pond Aqueduct Company (excepting a small lot of land) for 
the sum of $ 45,000. This transfer of property and interest was made by 
a corporate act of the latter to and confirmed by the individual transfer 
of shares held. This purchase was recommended by the Water Com- 
missioners in December, 1846, at a cost not exceeding $ 80,000. The re- 
ceipts of the Jamaica Pond Company have been of late years $ 38,000 per 
annum and the net revenue $ 22,000. 

The following shows the power by which the " Cochituate Water 
Board " recently purchased the property and franchise of the Jamaica 
Pond Aqueduct Corporation : 

" The Cochituate Water Board shall have and exercise all the powers 
vested in the City Council by an act of the Legislature of Massachusetts, 
passed on the thirtieth day of March in the year eighteen hundred and 
forty-six, entitled an act for supplying the city of Boston with pure wa- 
ter." — Ordinance of the city. 

The following is the section of the Act of the Legislature, referred to in 
the above ordinance. 

" The said city of Boston is hereby authorized to purchase and hold all 
the property, estates, rights, and privileges, of the Aqueduct Corporation, 
incorporated by an Act passed February 27th, in the year one thousand 
seven hundred and ninety-five, and by any convenient mode may connect 
the same with their other works." 

In order to supply every portion of the city with the Cochituate water, 
pipes have been laid from the Fitchburg Railroad depot (Haverhill Street) 
to East Boston. This has been accomplished by placing pipes under the 
Warren Bridge leading to Charlestown, across Charles River, and under 



158 BOSTON WATERWORKS. 

Chelsea bridge across Mystic River. Then led into other pipes leading 
through Charlestown and Chelsea, and thence to the reservoir at East Bos- 
ton. 

From the Annual Report of the Water Board, dated December 10, 1850, 
we learn that the receipts of the Water Department, for water rates, from 
January 4 to December 4, 1850 (eleven months), were $97,943.14; and 
from other sources, S 7,171.20. And the number of water takers had in- 
creased to 13,463. During the same period the expenditures of the Water 
Board were $ 47,095. 

The total length of distribution pipe laid in that period, was as fol- 
lows : — 

In Boston proper, 260 feet. 

In South Boston, 1 mile, 1,702 feet. 

In East Boston (including main pipe from Hay mar- 
ket Square), 12 miles, 1,146 feet. 



Total, 13 miles, 3,108 feet. 

The total length laid from the commencement of the works, till Decem- 
ber, 1850, in all parts of the city, in Brookline, Roxbury, Charlestown, and 
Chelsea, was 96 mi]«s, 4,301 feet ; excluding the service pipes, of which 
there were 15,143 in number. 

The entire cost of ah the works, except the East Boston branch, has 
been, $4,105,166 

And the branch to East Boston, 346,000 



Total cost, $4,451,166 

The number of fire hydrants now established is, 
In the City proper. . . 791 
" South Boston, ... 154 
" East Boston, ... 35 



In Roxbury, .... 5 
" Charlestown, . . 11 



Chelsea, .... 8 
Brookline, ... 1 

Total, 1,005 

The main pipe for the supply of East Boston is 20 inches in diameter, 
and commences at Haymarket Square. It crosses Charles River on the 
lower side of the Warren Bridge, partly on independent pile work, passing 
the draw by means of an inverted syphon which leaves sufficient space for 
the largest class of vessels that can pass this bridge. Thence it passes 
through the Square and Chelsea street in Charlestown, and thence across 
Mystic River, on independent pile work, by the upper side of Chelsea 
Bridge. In passing this stream, two inverted syphons were placed oppo- 
site the draws in Chelsea Bridge, one near the Charlestown shore, and the 
other near the Chelsea shore. The latter leaves a clear space of 60 feet, 
which is considerably more than the width of the draw opposite. The en- 
largement waamade on account of the possibility of a larger class of ves- 



BOSTON WATERWORKS. lOy 

sels being built at Medford than has been constructed there heretofore. 
The main then passes along the Salem Turnpike, and through Williams and 
Marginal streets in Chelsea, and about 400 feet beyond the grounds of the 
United States Marine Hospital it turns and crosses Chelsea Creek to the 
reservoir on Eagle Hill. The channel of this creek is passed by a flexible 
pipe, instead of a pile bridge and syphon near the East Boston Free Bridge, 
as it was originally contemplated. 

This change was made with the concurrence of the Water Committee, 
and it is believed will result in a saving of $ 30,000 in the first cost of the 
work, besides shortening the length of the main 1 1-5 miles, and conse- 
quently making a material increase in its capacity to discharge water into 
the East Boston Reservoir. This reservoir is 30 feet deep, and will hold 
when filled to a level 3 feet below its top, 5,591,816 wine gallons. 

To the main pipe there has been attached 11 fire hydrants in Charles- 
town, and 8 in Chelsea. These are to be used only on the occurrence of 
fires, and not for any other purposes. 

During the year two general examinations of the interior of the aqueduct 
have been made. On the upper portion of the line a great many small 
leaks into the aqueduct exist. Those have been there, with but little ex- 
ception, from the commencement, and it was impossible to keep them out 
at first, without very great expense, and serious delay in the completion of 
the work. As similar springs were known to exist in some portions of the 
Croton Aqueduct, without injuring the stability of that structure, it was 
believed that they would be equally harmless here ; and the result of our 
experience thus far confirms this belief. Occasionally a spring is known to 
bring in sand or other material, from the outside of the conduit. When- 
ever this occurs, it is deemed important to stop the spring ; but in no case, 
so far, has there been any difficulty ; and those places which at first caused 
some anxiety on this account, have ceased to do so. 

Several portions of the aqueduct were built on puddled embankments. 
Though a very economical mode of construction, it was looked upon as 
somewliat of an experiment. But the result shows that where these em- 
bankments were made of sand and gravel, the aqueduct has already come 
to a firm bearing, and has given very little trouble with regard to repairs. 
Where the aqueduct was built upon puddled clay the result has not been so 
satisfactory ; but even with these it has not been necessary to make any 
repairs during the year, except in one place ; and then the amount expend- 
ed was very small. 

The external structures along the line of the works are all in good order. 
The excessive rains of the past season have washed the embankments very 
little. Owing to the lateness of the season at which the Beacon Hill reser- 
voir was finished last year, it was not advisable to point the joints of the 
masonry then. This caused some leakage, which, though trifling in 
amount, gave an unsightly appearance to portions of the structure. 



160 



NEW CITY JAIL. 



5"*^^-. 




NEW CITY JAIIi. 

The expediency of erecting; a new Jail had been considered in Boston by 
eTery City Council for a number of years ; and complaints often were 
made against the city by different grand juries, for not providing better 
accommodations than were afforded by the Leverett Street Jail. Various 
projects, sites, and plans were brought forward, but none was definitely 
agreed upon until December, 1848, when the plan of the one now erected 
was adopted . 

This building is located on a street to be a continuation of Charles 
street northerly, between it and Grove street, on land reclaimed from the 
ocean, about 100 feet north of Cambridge street, between that street, and 
the Medical College and the General Hospital on the north, and about as 
far from Cambridge street as the New Eye and Ear Infirmary is south of 
it, 80 that all four of these public buildings are in the same part of the 
city. They are seen on the whole length of Cambridge Bridge, in ap- 
proaching the city from the west. Coming in from Cambridge, the Eye 
and Ear Infirmary, a brick building, appears on the right of the eastern 
extremity of the bridge ; the new Jail on the left, a centre with wings 
of split granite, facing the west ; farther north the Medical College, a 
brick building, and farther north still, the noble building, the General 
Hospital, a centre with wings, facing the south, all of them open to the 
water, and the pure air coming across it. 

The jail is " cruciform " in plan, consisting of a centre octagonal build- 
ing, having four wings radiating from the centre. The west wing 
measures 55 feet in width, and 64 feet in length, and of uniform height 
with the three other wings ; it is four stories in height, the lower one 
of which contains the. family kitchen and scullery of the jailer; the 



NEW CITT JAIL. 161 

second story have the jailor's office, officers' rooms, and jailor's family 
parlors ; the third story is devoted entirely to the sleeping rooms of the 
jailor's family and officers, and the fourth story is appropriated for the 
hospital and chapel. 

The centre octagonal building measures 70 feet square, and 85 feet in 
height above the surface of the ground. It is but two stories in height, 
the lower one of which contains the great kitchen, scullery, bakery, and 
laundry, and is on a uniform level with the lower story of cells in each of 
the three wings which contain the same. The upper story will be finish- 
ed as one "great central guard and inspection room," reaching from the 
ceiling of the first story up to the roof of the building ; this room measures 
70 feet square, and contains the galleries and staircases connecting with 
the galleries around the outside of the cells in the three wings . 

The north, south, and east wings, to contain the cells, are constructed 
upon the " Auburn plan," being a prison within a prison ; the north and 
south wings each measure 80 feet 6 inches in length, and 55 feet in width, 
and 56 feet in height above the surface of the ground ; the block of cells 
within each of the north and south wings measure 63 feet 6 inches in 
length, 21 feet in width, and 54 feet in height, and are divided into five 
stories ; each story contains ten cells, each of which measure 8 by 11 
feet, and 10 feet high, thus giving to each of these two wings 50 cells. 

The east wing measures 164 feet 6 inches in length, 55 feet in width, 
and 56 feet in height above the surface of the ground ; the block of cells 
within this wing are 146 feet 6 inches long, 21 feet wide, and 54 feet high 
it is also divided into five stories in height ; each story contains 24 cells of 
uniform size with the cells of the northern and southern wings, before 
described, thus giving to this wing 120 cells. 

The spaces around the outside of each block of cells in each of the 
wings (between the cell walls and the exterior walls of the said wings), are 
"areas," which are open from the floor of the lower story of cells in 
each wing, to the ceiling of the upper story. Galleries of iron extend 
the entire length of each of these spaces, outside of the cells, on a level 
with each of the floors. These galleries will form a communication with 
other galleries, which are to encircle the interior of the " centre octagonal 
building," on the same uniform level with the other galleries. Each cell 
contains a window and a door communicating immediately with the gal- 
leries of the areas. 

All the areas around the outside of the cells of the north, south, and 
east wings, receive light from the great windows of the exterior walls. 
These windows are thirty in number, each measuring 10 feet in width, 
and 33 feet in height, beneath which other windows, 10 feet wide and 9 feet 



25 



162 EYE AND EAR INFIRMARY. 

in height, are placed, thus yielding an amount of light to the interior 
of the cells probably four times as great as any prison yet constructed 
upon the Auburn system. The jail kitchen and guard or inspection room, 
of the centre octagonal building, receives light from windows of uniform 
size, and arranged in the same manner as those windows in the exterior 
walls of the wings. The guard or inspection room receives additional 
light from circular windows placed above the great windows, and from a 
skylight in its ceiling. The various stories of the west wing are lighted from 
windows arranged uniformly with those in the exterior walls of the wings. 

The exterior of the structure is entirely of Quincy granite, formed 
with split ashler in courses, with cornices, and other projecting portions 
hammered or dressed ; the remaining portions of the entire building, 
both inside and outside thereof, are of brick, iron, and stone, excepting 
the interior of the west wing, which are finished with wood. 

Designed by Louis Dwight and G. J. F. Bryant, Architects. 

Buildejs, Luther Munn, Joel Wheeler, Asa Swallow, Samuel Jepson, 
Charles W. Cummings, and Geo. W. Smith. 

Estimated Expense, 193,458 feet of land and filling up, $165,645, or 
about 82 cents per foot ; foundation and building, $243,900 ; total cost 
$^409,645. 



EYE AND EAR INFIRMARY. 

This institution was established in 1824, and incorporated in 1827 It is 
intended exclusively for the poor, and no fees are permitted to be taken. 
The new building erected for its accommodation in 1849, is situated on 
Charles street, a short distance southerly of Cambridge bridge. It con- 
sists of a main building 67 feet front by 44 feet deep, and 40 feet 4 in. high, 
and two wings 25 feet front and 34 feet high, one 52 feet deep, and the 
other 63 feet. The front of the principal building is embellished by stone 
dressings to all the windows, doors, and cornices, in Italian style. The 
wings retire from the front 11 feet, and are perfectly plain. In the base- 
ment are the kitchen, wash-room, laundry, refractory wards, baths, store- 
rooms, &c. In the first story in the main building are rooms for the 
matron and committee, and receiving and reading rooms ; in the wings 
are the male wards, with operating, apothecary, and bath rooms. In the 
second story are accommodations for the matron and private female 
wards. The building is heated by two furnaces, and provided with a 
thorough system of ventilation, and the whole surrounded by a spacious, 
airy ground, shut out from the street by a high brick wall. Architect, 
Edw. C. Cabot. Contractor, Jonathan Preston. Cost, land, $25,000; 
building, about $29,000 ; total, $54,000. 



NEW ATHEN^UM. 



163 




THE NEW ATHEN-EUM. 

The above illustration is a view of the front elevation of the new build- 
ing erected for the Boston Athenceum, on the southerly side of Beacon, 
between Bowdoin and Somerset streets. It is 114 feet in length; of ir- 
regular breadth, covering the entire space between the street and the Gran- 
ary Burying Ground ; and 60 feet in height. In the design of this building 
several objects were to be regarded : — 1st, a library of 40,000 volumes, 
with provision for increase ; 2d, suitable places for the exhibition of works 
of art ; and third, a museum for miscellaneous collections ; beside the 
usual offices for such a building. The want of unity of plan, together 
with the extremely irregular form of the lot and the slightly disproportion- 
ate height of the stories, made the design one of considerable difficulty, 
which was sought to be obviated in effect by presenting to the eye a suc- 
cession of horizontal lines from the base upwards toward the cornice. 
The elevation is in the later Italian style of architecture, and resembles 
in the general arrangement some of the works of Palladio, though some of 
the details belong to a still later style. The material is of Patterson free 
stone, known here as "Little Fall gray rock," the color of which is a 
light gray, slightly varying in different stones, and the texture considera- 



164 



NEW ATHENiEUM. 



bly harder than the free stones in general use. The building is 10 feel 
back from the street, and the ground space in front is surrounded by a 
bronze lacquered iron balustrade, with stone coping. 

The basement story is constructed of solid masonry, supporting the 
first floor upon groined arches of brick ; a room is here fitted up for the 
use of the janitor and his family. Here also are a furnace with flues, con- 
ducting the heat to all parts of the building ; rooms for fuel, for binding 
and packing books, apparatus for hoisting to the upper story, &c. 

The entrance to the building is into the first story, by a doorway 14 
feet high by 10 feet broad. It opens on a vestibule, or main entry, 32 by 
28 feet, which contains staircases ascending to the upper stories, and light- 
ed from the roof and large windows in front. From this vestibule, 
designed to be finished in beautiful style of architecture, dobrs open to 
all the rooms in the building. 




In the first story is a hall 80 feet in length, designed for the Sculpture 
Gallery, entered through the vestibule directly opposite the front door. It 
is surrounded by a row of iron columns opposite each window pier, for 
supporting the floors above. Fitting into these columns above are still 
others supporting the third floor, thus making continuous supports to the 



NEW ATHENiEUM. 165 

floors of each story, in addition to thie walls. On the right of the vesti- 
bule are two apartments, designed for reading rooms, one in the front for 
newspapers, the other in the rear for other periodicals. On the left of the 
vestibule is the Trustees' room. All these apartments are as yet unfin- 
ished, but are intended to be in appropriate ornamental style. 

The second story is appropriated to the library. The main hall extends 
the entire length of the rear of the building, and is surrounded by an iron 
gaUery, accessible by iron spiral staircases. It is divided by an archway, 
one copartment displaying the books in cases lining the walls, the other in 
alcoves between the pillars. It is higUy finished, in Italian style, with 
decorated ceiling. For advantages of light, air, retirement, and an open 
southern aspect, this hall can hardly be surpassed. It contains over 
40,000 volumes. The foregoing is an interior view of this room. 

In front of this hall are two rooms ; one on the right designed for the li- 
brarian's room, the other on the left for miscellaneous collections, both to 
be finished like the library, with iron galleries and spiral iron staircases. 
They are capable of containing 30,000 volumes. 

The third story is designed for pictures, and is divided into four apart- 
ments. The side walls are but 13 feet high, so that no picture can be 
placed too high to be seen distinctly. The light is admitted to each 
apartment by a skylight, and transmitted through a horizontal ground 
glass window. 

The building is to be heated by a cast-iron steam furnace, requiring but 
one fire, and the hot air distributed and the various apartments ventilated 
by means of flues within the centre walls. The Cochituate water is car- 
ried throughout the building, which is furnished with water closets, and 
other conveniences connected therewith. Gas is also distributed through- 
out, and so arranged as to be applicable to the exhibition of works of art, 
as well as to ordinary purposes. 

In the year 1848 the corporation purchased the library of General Wash- 
ington, at a cost of upwards of $4,000. This sum was contributed by 
about one hundred gentlemen of Boston, Salem, and Cambridge ; seventy 
cif whom subscribed fifty dollars each for this object. In the year 1846, 
the Athenreum realized the sum of twenty-five thousand dollars, the gift 
of the late John Bromfield, "three fourths of its annual income to be 
invested in the purchase of books, and the remainder to be added to the cap- 
ital." Mr. James Perkins gave for the use of the institution, in 1821, his 
own costly mansion in Pearl Street, which was occupied for library pur- 
poses until June, 1849, and which was sold in February, 1850, for the sum of 
S 45,000. Mr. Thomas H. Perkins and Mr James Perkins, Jr. , in 1826 gave 
$ 3,000 each for the then library ; and $ 36,000 was afterwards subscribed I 
by various citizens through the efforts and influence of Messrs. N. Bow- 
ditch, F. C. Gray, Geo. Ticknor, and Thomas W. Ward. The total Cost 
has been, for land $ 55,000 ; and for the building $ 136,000. 



im 



THE NEW CUSTOM HOUSE 




THE NEW CUSTOM HOUSE. 

Situated at the head of the dock between Long and Central Wharves, 
fronts east on the dock, west on India street, and is in the form of a Greek 
Cross, *he opposite sides and ends being alike. It is 140 feet long north 
Eind south, 75 feet wide at the ends, and 95 feet through the centre, (the 
porticos 67 feet long projecting 10 feet on each side,) and is from the side 
walk to the top of the entrance story floor 10 feet, 4 inches, to the top of 
principal story floor 26 feet 4 inches, to the eaves 52 feet, to the ridge 62 
feet 6 inches, and 95 feet to the top of the skylight of the dome. 

It is built on about 3.000 piles, fully secured against decay ; the con- 
struction throughout is fire proof and of the very best kind. 

The exterior of the building is purely Grecian Doric, not a copy, but 
adapted to the exigencies and peculiarities of the stnicture, and consists 
of a portico of 6 columns on each side, on a high flight of steps, and an 
order of engaged columns around the walls, 20 in number, on a high 
stylobaie or basement ; the order of engaged columns terminating with 4 
antse at their intersection with the porticos. The columns are 5 feel 4 
inches in diameter and 32 feet high, the shaft being in one piece, each 
weighing about 42 tons. 

The roof of the building ia covered with wrought granite tile, and the 
intersection of the cross is surmounted by a dome terminating in a sky- 
.ight 25 feet in diameter. The dome is also covered with granite tile. 

The cellar, which is 10 feet 6 inches high to the crown of the arches, is 
principally used for the storage of goods, which are conveyed to it through 
the basement story. The steam apparatus for warming the whole build- 



THE NEW CUSTOM HOUSE. 167 

ing (which it does effectually) is situated in the cellar, having easy access 
to the coal vaults under the sidewalk outside of the building. 

The principal entrances to the basement story are at each end. They 
are for the receipt of goods for storage. Near the northwest corner, on 
the west side, is an entrance to the Night Inspectors' apartments, also to 
the private staircase leading to the Collector's room and the attic. South 
of the west portico is the entrance to the heating-apparatus room, and on 
the south end is the entrance to the Custom House Truckmen's room. 
This story contains rooms for the Night Inspectors, Custom House Truck- 
men, and Engineer of the Heating Apparatus, also three sets of Water 
Closets : the remainder is used for the storage of goods, weigher's tubs, 
&c. 

The principal ingress to the entrance story, is through the porticos, but 
it can be entered from the Collector's private staircase, and from two oth- 
er private staircases from the basement. This story contains apartments 
and offices for the Assistant Treasurer, the Weighers and Gaugers, the 
Measurers, Inspectors, Markers, Superintendent of Building, &c. In the 
centre is a large vestibule, from which two broad flights of steps lead to 
the principal story, landing in two smaller vestibules therein, lighted by 
skylights in the roof, and these vestibules communicate with all the apart- 
ments in this story. The aeveral rooms are for the Collector, Assistant 
Collector, Naval Officer, Surveyor, Public Store Keeper, their Deputies 
and Clerks ; and for the facilities of doing business this arrangement is not 
surpassed. The grand, cross-shaped Rotunda, for the general business of 
the Collector's department, in the centre of this story, is finished in the 
Grecian Corinthian order ; it is 63 feet in its greatest length, 59 feet wide, 
and 62 feet high to the skylight. 

The dominical ceiling is supported on 12 columns of marble, 3 feet in 
diameter and 29 feet high, with highly wrought capitals ; the ceiling is or- 
namented in a neat and chaste manner, and the skylight is filled with 
stained glass. 

The building was commenced in 1837, and entirely completed in 1849 ; 
it has cost about $ 1,076,000, including the site, foundations, &c. It was 
designed by A. B. Young, A. M., Architect, and erected under his imme- 
diate supervision throughout. The execution of the whole was under the 
general direction of a Board of Commmissioners, appointed by the Secre- 
tary of the Treasury of the United States. This Board consisted of Sam- 
uel S. Lewis, Esq., as chairman, Robert G. Shaw, Esq., disbursing agent 
and commissioner, and the Collector of the ports of Boston and Charles- 
town for the time being. Jonathan P. Robinson was Clerk to the Board 
of Commissioners. In one of the panels of the Rotunda is inserted a 
Tablet of marble, containing the following inscription : — 

" Boston Custom House Building. Authorized by the 23d Congress, 
A. D. 1835. Andrew Jackson, President U. S. A. ; Levi Woodbury, Sec'y 



168 THE NEW COURT HOUSE. 

of the Treasury. — Opened August 1st, A. D. 1847. James K. Polk, Pres- 
ident U. S. A. ; Robert J. Walker, Sec'y of the Treasury ; Marcus Mor- 
ton, Collector of the Port ; Samuel S. Lewis, Robert G. Shaw, Commis- 
sioners ; Ammi Burnham Young, Architect." 



NEW CLUB HOUSE. 



The new Club House, situated on the northerly side of West street, is 
worthy of notice among the improvements of the city. It is 38 feet ir. 
front, 80 feet deep, and 52 feet high. The front elevation is built of Con- 
necticut freestone in Italian style, and combines great architectural beau- 
ty. The first story is occupied by two stores, and a central passage to the 
second story, in which is a lobby, reading room, and three parlors. In the 
third story is a hall 35 by 63 feet, and 22 feet high. 

Erected by an association of gentlemen. Architect, H. Billings. Build- 
ers, Masons, Messrs. Wheeler and Drake ; Carpenter, Chas. Dupee ; Esti- 
mated cost of land and building, $ 45,000. 



BOSTON SOCIETY OP NATURAL HISTORY. 

This institution has recently purchased the estate in Mason street, 
formerly occupied by the Massachusetts Medical College, and remodelled 
the building to adapt it to its present purposes. It contains 9 rooms, one 
of which is occupied by the librarian, and each of the others by objects 
of interest in the different departments of natural history. The whole 
estate cost about $ 30,000, which was obtained by subscription from the 
liberal citizens of Boston. All who desire it have free access to the cabi- 
net every Wednesday, and strangers in the city, who cannot convenient- 
ly visit it on that day, can obtain admission at any time by application to 
an officer of the Society. Five volumes of the Boston Journal of Natural 
History, and three of the Proceedings of the Society at its Monthly Meet- 
ings, have been published, containing contributions from our most distin- 
guished naturalists, illustrated by engravings. 



THE NEW COURT HOUSE, ERECTED 1833 - 1835. 

The corner-stone of this building for the accommodation of the Courts 
of Law of Boston was laid on the 23th of September, 1833, Theodore Ly- 
man being then Mayor of the city. The original cost of the undertaking 



THE NEW COURT HOUSE. IbiJ 

was about $ 179,000, but a further sum of $ 17,000 was appropriated in 
1839 for the purchase of land for the formation of a street and passages 
around the building, making the total cost of the ground and edifice 
about $ 200,000. A portion of the land, however, on which the structure 
stands was formerly the site of the old Jail and belonged to the County, 
and its value is not included in the above estimate. The building is sit- 
uated in the centre of Court square, between Court and School streets, 
and is surrounded by a flagged pavement which extends southerly along 
the spacious area between it and the City Hall. The form of the edifice 
is that of a parallelogram, extending in length 176 feet by 54 feet in 
breadth. The altitude is 57 feet to the cornice, consisting of a basement 
and three stories : the first story above the basement bqing 12 feet, the 
second 20, and the third 18 feet in height. The material composing the 
building is of cut or hewn granite from the Quincy quarry, and at each 
front or extremity is a handsome portico of the Doric model, supported by 
four columns of fluted granite each twenty-seven feet in height and four 
and a half feet in diameter. These pillars are in the solid meiss, and weigh 
about 25 tons each. The northern end or front of the building is parallel 
with Court street, but retired on a platform off the thoroughfare a few 
yards, while the southern front faces the rear of the City Hall or old Court 
House, and is approached from School street through the latter building 
and by avenues on either side of it. The main body of the new Court 
House is simple and unadorned, but the massive symmetry and superior 
design of the front entrances, tend somewhat to relieve the general plain- 
ness of its architecture. The interior is plain and substantial, without 
presenting much novelty of plan in its construction. An entrance hall, 
communicating with the southern portico and opening upon side doors, 
traverses nearly the full length of the building : and staircases ascending 
to the right and left of the two porticos lead directly to the galleries of 
the principal Court rooms ; while the centre and side flights conduct to the 
various apartments in the several stories. The first floor contains rooms for 
the Police Court and Justices Court, the United States Marshal's 
room, and the Oflices of the Clerks of the Supreme Court, Court of Com- 
mon Pleas, and Police Court. The second story contains the rooms of 
the United States and the Supreme Judicial Courts, as also the Law Libra- 
ry, the rooms for the Judges of the United States and Supreme Courts, 
and the Clerk's office of the United States Court. The upper or third sto- 
ry includes the Common Pleas and Municipal Court rooms and the rooms 
of the Judges of those Courts, the Jury rooms of the several Courts, the 
Clerk's office and the witness rooms of the Municipal Court, and the Grand 
Jury room. The Court rooms are spacious, and comfortably furnished, 
measuring 50 feet by 40, and contain ample accommodation for the Bar 
and ordinary attendance. Some trifling disadvantages mJght be appre- 
hended to result from the location of the Court of Common Pleas, the 



170 THE NEW COURT HOUSE. 

general resort of litigants, in the upper story, but the arrangement of the 
rooms for the most part is satisfactory, and the offices for the respective 
apartments are as large and commodious as could be desired. The United 
States pay to the city for the use of their apartments in the building the 
annual rent of $ 3,000. The Court room edlotted to them is the same 
from which the slave Shadrach was a short time since rescued. The 
United States Circuit Court before Judge Woodbury is held in this apart- 
ment on the 15th of May and October in each year, and the District 
Court before Judge Sprague on the 3d Tuesday in March, the 4th Tuesday 
in June, the 2d Tuesday in September, and 1st Tuesday in December, and 
specially at the discretion of the Judge. The Supreme Judicial Court sits 
at the South end of the building, for the hearing of legal arguments on the 
first Tuesday of March, and the term for the trial of Jury causes coimnen- 
ces on the 7th Tuesday next after the 4th Tuesday of September. The 
Common Pleas Court for the County of Suffolk are held in the Court room 
in the 3d story on the 1st Tuesday of January, April, July, and October, 
and the Municipal Court, of which the Justices of the Common Pleas are 
ex officio Judges, is held in the room appropriated for that purpose on the 
1st Monday of every month. The Police Court is busied every day in the 
trial of criminal offenders, and also sits every Wednesday and Saturday as 
a Justice's Court for determining civil causes under S 20. The Social Law 
Library room on the 2d floor is a comfortable and well-lighted apartment, 
and contains a good selection' of Juridical Text-books, including writers 
in general law, and the English and American Reports. The society was 
first organized in the year 1S04. At a later date, 1814, an act of incorpo- 
ration was obtained which granted to the proprietors for the purpose of en- 
larging the collection all sums of money which should be paid by way of 
tax or excise by persons admitted to practice as Attorneys of the Boston 
Court of Common Pleas. For many years the Library, being but small, 
was kept in the office of a Member of the Bar who acted as Librarian, and 
subsequently it occupied a closet adjoining a large room in the old Court 
House then used for meetings of the Grand Jury. At a later period the 
whole room was devoted to the Library, to which when the present Court 
House was built a spacious apartment was appropriated, in which it has 
since been kept. A catalogue of the Library was printed in 1824. At that 
time the number of volumes wag 1,473, in 1849 it had increased to 4,077, 
and in May, 1851, embraces about 4,200 volumes. A large number of the 
books, including some of the most valuable, were presented by the Hon. 
Charles Jackson ; but the Library is also indebted for donations to other gen- 
tlemen. The names of the donors are given under the titles .of the works 
presented by them. The advantages of the Library are not confined to 
the Bar of Suffolk, but it is constantly and freely used by gentlemen of 
the profession from all the other counties in the State, by the Judges of 
the Courts, Members of the legislature and Judges and Jurists from all 



THE NEW COURT HOUSE. 



171 



VIEW OF THE NE^V COURT HOUSE, 
COURT SQ,UARE. 



5^-^^^^mMll 




ERECTED 1833-1835. 



172 NEW ALMSHOUSE ON DEER ISLAND. 



parts of the United States. The by-laws provide for the admission of 
new members on payment oi $ 25 a share and $ 5 annual assessment, and 
admit also subscribers on payment of an annual sum of $ 8. But the 
members of the Bar of other Counties (except those who usually prac- 
tice at the Suffolk Bar) have the privilege of consulting the books of the 
Library at all times without expense. Each member is allowed to take 
from the Library one book at a time for a term not exceeding 24 hours, but 
no volumes are allowed to issue during the law term of the Supreme Judi- 
cial Court when the full bench is in session. The Librarian is appointed 
by the President and Trustees who have the general management of the 
affairs of the society and direct in the purchase of books, &c. Mr. 
Boyle is at present the Librarian. 



NE1V AI4MSHOUSE ON DESR ISLAND. 

The form of this structure is that of a " Latin Cross," having its four 
wings radiating at right angles from a "central building." The central 
building is four stories high ; the lower story (on a uniform level with the 
cellars or work-rooms of the north, east, and west wings) contains the 
bathing-rooms, cleansing-rooms, furnace, and fuel-rooms ; the two next sto- 
ries contain the general guard-room, to b« used also as a work-room ; the 
next story is the chapel ; and the upper story is the hospital. The south 
wing is four stories high; the lower one contains the family kitchens and 
entry of the superintendent's family ; the second is appropriated for the 
family parlors of the superintendent, and a room for the use of the direct- 
ors, together with the entrances and staircases, and the opening or carriage 
way, for receiving the paupers. The staircases communicating with the 
guard- room, and with the cleansing- rooms in the lower story of the central 
building, are also located in this story. The two remaining stories will 
be used for the family sleeping-rooms, superintendent's office, officers' 
rooms, and bathing-rooms, — together with the entries, passages, closets, 
and staircases. Each of the north, east, and west wings is three stories 
high, with basements and attics over the whole surface of each wing. 
The basements are for work-rooms. The remaining stories, including the 
attics, contain the wards, hospitals, and day-rooms for the inmates, to- 
gether with the sleeping and inspection rooms for the nurses and attend- 
ants. 

There are eight circular towers attached to the exterior walls of the 
north, east, and west wings ; they contain the water-closets requisite for 
the inmates of the building; two of them contain staircases. The water- 
closets are placed on the level of every story, and entered immediately 
from the floors thereof, and are disconnected from the main building by a 



NEW ALMSHOUSE ON DEER ISLAND. 



173 



column of air passing through upright openings, in the exterior walls of 
the towers, opposite to each other, and placed near the walls of the build- 
ing. 




The dimensions of the building are as follows, in round numbers : The 
centre building is 75 feet square and 75 feet high, each perpendicular cor- 
ner being subtended by the section of a circle. The superintendent's 



174 



NEW ALMSHOUSE ON DEER ISLAND. 




house, if the building faces the west, makes the west side of the centre 
building, except the circular comers, and is thrown out by these corners 
50 feet by 50 on the ground, and 50 feet high ; so that it stands almost as 
much separated from the main building as if it were entirely disconnected 
with it, and is still near enough for the convenience of the superintendent. 
The north wing, intended particularly for women, is 100 feet by 50, and 
50 feet high, i. e. twice as large as the superintendent's house. The south 
wing, intended particularly for men, is 100 feet by 50, and 50 feet high, 
the same dimensions as the north wing ; and both these wings are separ- 
ated from the superintendent's house, and thrown out from the centre 



NEW ALMSHOUSE ON DEER ISLAND. 175 

building, like the superintendent's house, by the semi-circular comers, for 
purposes of better supervision and ventilation. The east wing, intended 
for the accommodation of different classes, and for different purposes, in 
the different stories, is 200 feet by 50, and 50 feet high, i. e. twice the di- 
mensions of the north and south wings, and four times the dimensions of 
the superintendent's house. The north, east, and west wings have three 
stories, each 12 feet high, above the basement and beneath the attic. The 
attic is 9^ feet high, and the basement 8^ feet high. The south wing is four 
finished stories high, and the floors of these stories are uniform with those 
of the three other wings. The circular towers attached to the exterior wall of 
the north, east, and west wings, are each 65 feet high and 13 feet in diameter. 

The proportions of the building are arithmetical : — the centre building 
is a cube 75 feet, with the corners subtended ; the superintendent's house 
is a cube of 50 feet ; the north wing is two cubes of 50 feet each ; the 
south wing is two cubes of 50 feet each ; and the east wing four cubes of 
50 feet each. 

The paupers, as they arrive, are received at a central point, under the eye 
of the superintendent, in his office, as they approach ; thoroughly cleaned, 
if necessary, in the basement central apartments for cleansing; and distrib- 
uted, when prepared for distribution, to those parts of the building as- 
signed to the classes to which they belong. 

There is a chapel, with a gallery, occupying 75 by 75 feet, on the third 
floor of the central building, equal in height to two stories. The floor of 
the chapel is on a level with the attic floors of the wings. It is well light- 
ed, in a central position, of convenient access from all parts of the estab- 
lishment, and is commodious enough for those who are able to attend re- 
ligious worship, out of even a larger population than 1,200. 

Large folding-doors, or traversing-doors, are an original feature of this 
plan, and answer, by being opened wide, and by turning, in different di- 
rections, important ends, in making rooms for particular purposes, when 
they are wanted ; and when such rooms are not wanted, in being opened 
wide, or turned back, so as to leave the supervision unobstructed, and 
change the circulation of the air throughout the establishment. 

It is not absolutely a fire-proof building, but the roof is slated ; the floors 
are double, and laid with mortar between them : the ceilings under the . 
floors and over the rooms consist of joists, and the botttom of the lower 
side of the double floors ; the walls are brick, built hollow, and without 
lath and plaster on the inside, or coverings of any kind on the outside : 
the windows are wooden sashes, but they are set in a thick double brick 
wall, and may each of them burn without burning another. All the wings 
are separated from the centre building by thick brick walls, covered and 
secured, in all their openings, with iron doors and shutters, and rising above 
the roofs of the wings, so as to make abarracade against fire, behind which 
the inmates of a wing on fire may retreat, and firemen may be protected. 



PRINCIPLES OBSERVED IN THE PLANS. 177 

PRINCIPLES OBSERVED IN THE PLANS. 

In all the plans of these buildings there are certain great principles ob- 
served, among which are the following : — 

1. Size. The size of these buildings allows from 600 to 1,000 cubic 
feet of space to each Individual ; besides their proportion of space in the 
eating-rooms, school-rooms, hospital, and chapel. 

2. Proportions. The proportions are arithmetic and iiarmonic, a cube 
being their germ. 

3. Concentration. These buildings are all in the form of a cross, hav- 
ing four wings, united to a central octagonal building ; one for the super- 
intendent and his family, and three of them for inmates ; the kitchen be- 
ing in the centre, in the 1st story of the octagon ; the supervisor's room 
over the kitchen ; the chapel over the supervisor's room ; and the hospital 
over the chapel. 

4. Extension, The parts all radiating from a common centre, can be 
extended without disturbing the central arrangements and architectural 
design. 

6. Convenience. The keeper's or superintendent's office, eating-room, 
and sleeping-room are all in proximity to the great central octagonal 
building ; so that the keeper has eyelets and ready access to the kitchen, 
supervisor's room, chapel, and hospital, and all the wings ; and he can go 
through the establishment without going out of doors. The inmates re- 
ceive their food from a large central kitchen ; the wings are all under su- 
pervision from one central supervisor's room. The inmates assemble in 
the chapel and hospital from all the wings without exposure, and without 
leaving the house. 

6. Classification. The men and women, the old and young, the sick 
and well, can all be separated, in different wings, and different stories of 
the building ; and all these classes can be kept distinct by placing them in 
different wings, by the power of central observation and control. 

7. Supervision, outside and inside. All the areas, apartments, win- 
dows, walls, galleries, staircases, fastenings, external yards, and external 
yard walls, except the space outside at the ends of the wings, are under su- 
pervision from the centre. One man can do more, in these buildings, in 
consequence of the facilities for supervision, than many men can do in 
some of the old establishments, containing an equal number of inmates. 

8. Security against Escape. In Prisons and Houses of Refuge, where 
security against escape is of great importance, the construction is such, 
that, if an inmate breaks out, he breaks in ; — that is, if he escapes from 
his dormitory into the area, he has still another wall or grating to break, 
while at the same time he is in sight from the supervisor's room. There 
is, therefore, very little encouragement to try to escape from the dormito- 
ries. And if the inmates are in the yards, gardens, or grounds around. 



IT'S PRINCIPLES OBSERVED IN THE PLANS. 

the supervision extends outside so easily and perfectly, that it affords 
great security against escape. 

9. Security against Jire. Although buildings according to these plans 
are not wholly fire proof, still, the cell floors being stone or iron, the walls 
brick or stone, the galleries and staircases iron, the doors and gratings iron, 
the roof slate, and the gutters copper, much of the material is incombusti- 
ble. Besides, the separate rooms or dormitories are literally fire proof; 
and the remaining parts are extensively exposed to constant observation ; 
so that a fire, in its first beginning, is easily discovered and extinguished. 

10. Warming by steam, hot water, or tvarm air. The construction 
of these buildings is favorable to either mode of warming. If by steam, 
the steam may be generated in the centre building, and distributed in one- 
inch wrought iron pipes, under the windows, in four rows of pipes, one 
above the other on the upright wall, three inches apart, to be inclosed in 
a box eighteen inches square, made by the floor for the bottom, the outer 
wall for the back, a board cover for the top, and an upright board for the 
front ; the pure air to be received through orifices in the outer wall, and 
the warm air to be passed into the area, through orifices in the front of 
the box. If the heating is to be done by hot water, substitute a cast-iron 
pipe, 6 inches in diameter, near the floor, and near the wall, under the 
windows, within a box, similarly constructed to the box around the steam- 
pipes. 

If the heating is to be done by warm air, place in the centre building, 
and in the areas, the Boston School Stove, or, which are on the same prin- 
ciples, Chilson's furnaces, or any other heating apparatus which is, at the 
same time, a ventilating apparatus.- 

11. Lighting. Gas light in the areas will light all the dormitories, and 
wherever distributed, will be easily supervised and controlled from the 
ce<itre building. 

12. Sunlight. Care is taken in these buildings, to have a large surface 
exposed to the morning, noonday, and afternoon sun. This can be dqne 
with the large windows in the outer wall, but it cannot be done with a 
small window in each small dormitory or cell. Much more sunlight can 
be brought to shed its healthful and cheering influence, over the inmates 
of these buildings, than if the windows in the external wall were as small 
as they must be, if the rooms within were made of a small size and placed 
on the external wall. 

13. Artificial Ventilation. Each small room, dormitory, or cell is pro- 
vided with a ventilator, starting from the floor of the same, in the centre 
wall, and conducted, separate from every other, to the top of the block, 
where it is connected with a ventiduct, and either acted upon by heat or 
Emerson's ventilating cap. Both at the top and bottom of the room there 
is a slide, or register, over orifices, opening into this ventilator, which are 
capable of being opened or shut. These ventilators are intended to take 



PRINCIPLES OBSERVED IN THE PLANS. 179 

off Impure and light air. In the external wall are provided oriflces, pitch- 
ing outward and downward, to take off carbonic acid gaa, which may be 
fatal to life, if allowed to accumulate in the lowest part of the building. 
The large rooms are provided with such orifices, by carrying every third 
or forth window to a level with the floor. These means are used to take 
off the impure and light air, and the heavier and more fatal gases. To 
supply pure air, all the heating is made by ventilating apparatus. 

14. Natural Ventilation. Through the large windows, when opened, 
the air can have free course with all the varying winds, throughout the 
building, from north to south, from east to west, from south to north, 
and from west to east, and obliquely in every direction, according to the 
direction of the wind, through the octagonal centre building. 

15. Water for cleansing and bathing. For cleansing, water is let on 
in every room, and furnished liberally in every story ; and in different 
parts of the building large means are provided for bathing. Nothing is 
more indispensable in the plans of such buildings, than convenient and 
liberal supplies of pure water for cleansing and bathing. 

16. Employment. Large provision is made, in all these buildings, of 
floors and space for employment, under cover, with good and suflicient 
light, convenience, and supervision. In many old buildings there has not 
been employment, because there was no place suitable for it. This diffi- 
culty has received great consideration, and every effort has been made 
entirely to remove it, so that all the inmates of these buildings should be 
kept out of idleness, which is the mother of mischief. Labor is favorable 
to order, discipline, instruction, reformation, health, and self-support. 
But there can be but little productive industry without a place for it. 
Suitable places have been provided in all these buildings, whether prisons, 
alm-shouses, or houses of refuge, for employment. 

17. Instruction. School-rooms, privilege-rooms, chapels, more pri- 
vate rooms and places, comfortably large single rooms, are provided, in 
whith all kinds of good instruction can be given. 

18. Humanity. The humanity of these buildings is seen in there be- 
ing sufficient space, large light, abundant ventilation, and airing in sum- 
mer, good places of labor and instruction, and good hospital accommodation 
for the sick. 

19. Care of the sick. The hospital is large, light, convenient, easily 
accessible, well warmed and well ventilated, so that if suitable care is not 
given to the sick it will not be because Ihera is no place for it, no suitable 
hospital accommodations. 

20. Notifying in sickness. The separate rooms are so located and dis- 
tributed, under supervision, from the centre building, that a gentle knock 
on the inner side of the door of each separate lodging-room will be heard 
by the person on duty in the central room for supervision and care ; and 
thus relief can be immediately secured . 



MASSACHUSETTS GENERAL HOSPITAL. 181 

The Massachusetts General Hospital was incorporated February 25, 
1811 : and entitled to an annual income not exceeding thirty lliousand dol- 
lars, for the support and maintenance of a general hospital for sick and 
insane persons. The act granted to the hospital a fee simple in the estate 
of the old Province-House, on the condition that $ 100,000 should be raised 
by subscription within ten years. Large donations for this purpose were 
made by 1047 persons in the year 1816, at which time the trustees pur- 
chased the lot on which the McLean Asylum was built, then in Charles- 
town. 

The Hospital building had a front of 168 feet, and a depth of 54 feet, with a 
portico of eight Ionic columns, but was extensively enlarged in 1846. 

It was built of Chelmsford granite, the columns of their capitals being of 
the same material. In the centre of the two principal stories are the 
rooms of the officers of the institution. Above these is the Operating 
Theatre, which is lighted from the dome. The wings of the building are 
divided into wards and sick rooms. The staircase and floorings of the en- 
tries are of stone. The whole house is supplied with heat by air flues 
from furnaces, and with water by pipes and a forcing pump. The beauti- 
ful hills which surround Boston are seen from every part of the building, 
and the grounds on the southwest are washed by the waters of the 
bay. 

The premises have been improved by the planting of ornamental trees 
and shrubs, and the extension of the gravel walks for those patients whose 
health will admit of exercise in the open air. 

By the Act of June 12, 1817, it was provided that the stone to be furnish- 
ed for the building should be hammered and fitted for use by the convicts 
of the State Prison. By the act of February 24, 1818, establishing the 
Massachusetts Hospital Life Insurance Company, it was provided that the 
corporation should pay to the trustees of the General Hospital, for the use 
of the Hospital, the third part of its net profits. By the act of April 1, 
1835, establishing the New England Mutual Life Insurance Company, it 
was provided that one third of its net profits should be paid annually to 
the Hospital fund. A similar provision was adopted in the charter of the 
Sute Mutual Life Assurance Company at "Worcester, in March, 1844. 

By the last Annual Report of the Trustees of the General Hospital (Jan- 
uary 22, 1851), it seems that its capital now yielding an income to the in- 
stitution is $ 171,119. And that the income for the year 1850 was $38,- 
517, viz. : From property of all kinds $16,917; Extra dividend of the 
Hospital Life Insurance Company $18,000; Subscriptions for free beds 
$ 2,100 ; and Surplus from the McLean Asylum $ 1,500. 

The expenses for the year were $ 29,024, viz. : For stores $ 10,574 ; Wa- 
ges $7,891; Fuel $2,845; Medicine $2,355; Furniture $1,523; Re- 
pairs $1,463, Salaries $1,850; Miscellaneous $523. The admissions to 
the hospital in 1850 were 746, viz. : — 



182 MASSACHUSETTS GENERAL HOSPITAL. 

Males. Females. Total. 

Patients paying board 201 41 ^ 242 

" paying part of the time ... 58 19 ' 77 

" entirely free 183 244 427 

442 304 746 

Of these, 269 paid $3; 32 paid $6; 14 paid $4; and 4 paid $10 per 
week. Total, 319. 

Proportion of deaths to the whole number of results, one in ten. 

Greatest number of patients at any visit in private rooms, 7 ; greatest 
number of paying patients, 33 ; of free patients, 103 ; greatest total, 136 ; 
least number in private rooms, 2 ; least paying, 15 ; free, 68 : least total, 83. 

Number of accidents admitted during the year, 98. 

Average number of patients, 108. Males, 59 ; females, 49. 

Averagenumber of paying patients, 11 American and 11 Foreign; to- 
tal, 22. 

Greatest number of paying patients, 16 American and 17 Foreign ; least 
number of paying patients, 8 American and 7 Foreign. 

Total males, 442. Of this number, 47 were in private rooms. 

Total females, 304. Of these, 5 were in private rooms. A little over 
one third of the free patients were female domestics ; one sixth were male 
laborers, most of them foreigners. 

Average time of ward-paying patients is two weeks and six days ; and 
of free patients, six weeks. 

Proportion of ward beds occupied by free patients, a fraction less than 
three to one. 

The whole amount of board charged to all the patients, during the year, 
was $ 17,186.49. Of this sum there was charged to the Trustees, for the 
board of free patients, $ 12,960.22 ; and the balance, $ 4,226.27, has been 
received from paying patients. 

If the gross amount of the annual expenses be divided by the average 
number of patients, it will give $ 4.90 for the weekly expense of each pa- 
tient. 

" The expenses of the Hospital for the year 1850 have been $ 29,024 Of 
this sum, only $4,226.27 has been received from paying patients, leaving 
a balance of nearly $ 25,000 to be drawn from the treasury of the Institu- 
tion. When it is considered that the income of our present capital fund 
must fall short of this demand, even under the most favorable circumstan- 
ces, to the extent of nearly $ 10,000, it will be readily yielded that we 
must continue year by year to depend upon the benevolent charity of the 
friends of our Institution for its progress and support." 

The Board of Trustees annually appoint two practitioners in Physic and 
two in Surgery, who constitute a board of Consultation. At the same 
time, they appoint six physicians, six surgeons, an admitting physician. 



McLKAN ASYLUM FOR THE INSANE. 183 



and a superintendent of the Hospital. Applications for admission of pa- 
tients must be made at tlie Hospital in Allen Street, between 9 and 10 A. 
M., on each day of the week except Sunday. In urgent cases, however, 
application may be made at other limes. Applications from the country 
may be made in writing, addressed to the admitting physician, and when 
a free bed is desired, a statement of the pecuniary circumstances of the 
patient must be made. During alternate terms of four months in each 
year, two physicians and two surgeons have the care of the patients. No 
visitors are admitted to the Hospital without a special permit from the of- 
ficers or trustees. The patients may be visited by their friends daily be- 
tween 12 and I o'clock. 

Any individual subscribing one hundred doUars shall be entitled to a free 
bed at the hospital for one year. All subscriptions for this purpose com- 
mence on the 1st of January in each year. The whole number of free beds 
is never less than thirty- seven. Two of these are reserved for cases of ac- 
cidents. 

The officers of the Institution for 1851 are as follows: WiUiam Apple- 
ton, president ; Robert Hooper, vice-president ; Henry Andrews, treasurer ; 
Marcus Morton, Jr., secretary; twelve trustees, and four physicians, who 
act as a Board of Consultation. Two of the trustees form a visiting com- 
mittee for a month, and thus by turns each member serves one month dur- 
ing ths year. 

The McLean Asylum for the Insane. 

This Asylum for the Insane was opened to receive boarders, October 1 , 
1818, under the direction of the Trustees of the Massachusetts General 
Hospital, it being a branch of that Institution. It is situated in Somerville, 
about one mile from Boston, on a delightful eminence, and consists of an el- 
gant house for the Superintendent, with a wing at each end, handsomely 
constructed of brick, for the accommodation of the inmates. Though suf- 
ficiently near to Boston for the convenience of the visitors and trustees, 
who generally reside in the city, it is not directly on any of its principal 
avenues, and is sufficiently retired to afford the quiet and rural serenity 
which in all cases is found to be conducive to a calm and healthy condition 
of mind. Tlie name of McLean was given to this Hospital in respect to 
John McLean, Esq., a liberal benefactor of the General Hospital. 

The number of patients in the house, on the first day of the year 1850, 
was one hundred and eighty-four ; ninety-five of whom were males, and 
eighty-nine females. During the year 1850, eighty males and ninety-three 
females were admitted, being one hundred and seventy-three. 

The following is the number of admissions, discharges, and results, since 
the Asylum has been under the management of Dr. Bell, the present phy- 
sician and superintendent. 



Averas 



184 McLEAN ASYLUM FOR THE INSANE. 

Year. Admitted. ,,^|;,.—r ^^^^^ ^-i"- ^/rrd!" i"n^^oV "0^^'" 

nndunfii. y^ar. patients. 

1837 120 105 191 8 25 72 86 80 

1838 138 131 224 12 45 74 93 95 

1839 132 117 225 10 38 69 108 112 

1840 155 138 263 13 50 75 125 128 

1841 157 141 283 11 55 75 142 135 

1842 129 138 271 15 43 80 133 143 

1843 127 126 260 18 45 63 134 131 

1844 158 140 292 19 49 63 152 146 

1845 119 120 271 13 33 74 151 149 

1846 148 125 299 9 52 65 173 164 

1847 170 170 343 33 50 87 173 172 

1848 143 155 316 23 50 82 155 171 

1849 161 137 321 15 58 64 184 177 

1850 173 157 357 28 51 78 200 201 



2030 1901 227 644 1026 

The Hon. William Appleton of Boston contributed $ 10,000 in Decem- 
ber, 1843, " for the purpose of affording aid to such patients in the McLean 
Asylum, as from straitened means might be compelled to leave the Institu- 
tion without a perfect cure." On the 9th of November, 1850, the same gen- 
man contributed the further sum of $ 20,000 for the purpose of erecting 
two additional edifices, sufficiently large to accommodate eight males and 
eight females, with such conveniences and facilities as shall enable each 
to have, not only the care, attention, and comforts, but the luxuries Eind re- 
tirement which they had enjoyed at home. 

The superintendent states that the elevation and improvement of the en- 
tire establishment have, cis usual, not been overlooked during the past year. 
A large and handsome hall, fifty feet long by twenty -five wide and fourteen 
high, has been constructed, by raising a story upon one of the buildings 
of the male side, which furnishes ample room for two billiard tables, — 
ever an interesting and useful exercise for the insane ; and also makes a 
sort of conversation and reading room, where patients from the different 
sections may meet for some hours in the day for recreation and inter- 
course. 

The expenses of the McLean Asylum for 1850 were $40,623, viz: For 
Stores $ 17,627 ; Wages $ 6,173 ; Salaries $ 4,500 ; Furniture, Repairs, and 
Improvements $ 10,310 ; Diversions $1,332; MisceUaneous $2,385. From 
which deduct the proceeds of the farm and garden $ 1,704. 

It seems to be generally understood through the country that this insti- 
tution is the most safe as well as the most economical place of resort in all 



THE STATE HOUSE. 185 

difficult and dangerous cases, especially such as require operation ; one of 
the consequences of this general sentiment in regard to the Hospital, is, 
that many diseases are presented there which are in their nature incurable, 
— whence it has followed, that, as the reputation of the institution has in- 
creased, the number of cases reported incurable or not relieved has also in- 
creased. The patients, under the daily care of skilful, intelligent, and emi- 
nent surgeons and physicians, are watched over by faithful and attentive 
nurses, and in truth the minor officers and domestics, under the vigilant 
eye of the superintendent and matron, continue to give the sick poor all 
the comfort and relief, with all the chances of restoration, which the kind- 
ness of friends, or the influence of money, could command for those fa- 
vored with both. 



THE STATE HOUSE. 



Tliis elegant and spacious edifice, situated in Boston, on elevated ground 
adjoining the Common, and near the centre of this ancient and flourishing 
city, was erected in 1795. The corner-stone was laid on the fourth of Ju- 
ly, by the venerable and patriotic Samuel Adams, then Chief Magistrate 
of BTassachusetts (assisted by Paul Revere, Master of the Grand Lodge 
of Masons). He succeeded Governor Hancock, who died in October, 1793. 
Governor Adams made a short address on the occasion of laying the cor- 
ner-stone, and said, " he trusted that within its walls liberty and the rights 
of man would be forever advocated and supported." The lot was pur- 
chased by the town of Boston of the heirs of Governor Hancock, for which 
the sum of $ 4,000 was paid. The building was not finished and occupied 
by the Legislature till January, 1798 ; when the members of the General 
Court walked in procession from the Old State House at the head of State 
Street, and the new edifice for the government was dedicated by solemn 
prayer to Almighty God. The Old State House, so called from the time of 
building the other, was long the place in which the General Court of the 
Province of Massachusetts was holden. It has lately been well repaired, 
and was formerly the place of the meetings of the city authorities and for 
public offices. 

The corner-stone of the present Capitol was brought to the spot by fif- 
teen white horses, at that time the number of States in the Union. The 
building is seen at a great distance in all directions, and is the principal 
object visible when the city is first seen by those who visit it. The form 
is oblong, being one hundred and seventy-three feet in front, and sixty-one 
feet deep, or at the end. The height of the building, including the dome, 
is one hundred and ten feet ; and the foundation is about that height above 



27 



1S6 THB STATE HOUSE. 

the level of the water of the bay. " It consists externally of a basement 
story twenty feet high, and a principal story thirty feet high. This, in 
the centre of the front, is covered with an attic sixty feet wide, and twen- 
ty feet high, which is covered with a pediment. Immediately above arises 
the dorm, fifty feet in diameter, and thirty in height ; the whole terminating 
with an elegant circular lantern, which supports a pine cone. The base- 
ment story is finished in a plain style on the wings, with square windows. 
The centre is ninety-four feet in length, and formed of arches which pro- 
ject fourteen feet, and make a covered walk below, and support a colonnade 
of Corinthian columns of the same extent above. 

The largest room is in the centre, and in the second story (the large 
space below in the basement story is directly under this) ; it is the Repre- 
sentatives' Chamber ; and will accommodate five hundred members ; and 
sometimes they have been more numerous. The Senate Chamber is also 
in the second story and at the east end of the building, being sixty feet by 
fifty. At the west is a large room for the meetings of the Governor and 
the Executive Council ; with a convenient ante-chamber. 

The view from the lop of the State House is very extensive and variega- 
ted ; perhaps nothing in the country is superior to it. To the east appears 
the bay and harbor of Boston, interspersed with beautiful islands ; and in 
the distance beyond, the wide extended ocean. To the north the eye is 
met by Charlestown, with its interesting and memorable heights, and the 
Navy Yard of the United States ; the towns of Chelsea, Maiden, and Med- 
ford, and other villages, and the natural forests mingling in the distant ho- 
rizon. To the west, is a fine view of the Charles river and a bay, the an- 
cient town of Cambridge, rendered venerable for the University, now 
above two hundred years old ; of the flourishing villages of Cambridge- 
port and East Cambridge, in the latter of which is a large glass manufac- 
turing establishment ; of the highly cultivated towns of Brighton, Brook- 
line, and Newton ; and to the south is Roxbury, which seems to be only a 
continuation of Boston, and which is rapidly increasing : Dorchester, a 
fine, rich, agricultural town, with Milton and Quincy beyond, and still 
farther south, the Blue Hills, at the distance of eight or nine miles, which 
seem to bound the prospect. The Common, stretching and spreading in 
front of the Capitol, with its numerous walks and flourishing trees, where 
" the rich and the poor meet together," and the humblest have the proud 
consciousness that they are free, and in some respects (if virtuous), on a 
level with the learned and the opulent, — adds greatly to the whole scene. 

Near the Capitol, on the west, is the mansion house of the eminent patri- 
ot, the late John Hancock, now exhibiting quite an ancient appearance ; and 
on the east, about the same distance, was, until recently, situated the 
dwelling of the late James Bowdoin, another patriot of the Revolution, a i 
distinguished scholar and philosopher ; and who, by his firmness, in the 
critical period of 1786, contributed most efficiently to the preservation of 



I 



I: ' 



I 111 

II 



iii ill 




illilillil! 

>tll!> 



1 1 I .li 



P 'll:il'|iH!iiHl 



THE STATE HOUSE. 



187 



order and tranquillity in the Commonwealth. Large sums have been ex- 
pended in repairs on the State House, both within and without, since it 
was erected, and in improving the grounds and fences about it ; and it is 
now in a condition of great neatness and elegance. 

On the 12th of June, 1827, the Legislature 
adopted a resolution "that permission be 
hereby given to the trustees of the Washing- 
ton Monument Association to erect, at their 
own expense, a suitable building on the north 
front of the State-House, for the reception 
and permanent location of the Statue of 
Washington by Chantrey.' 

The building was erected and the trustees 
passed a vote as follows: "The trustees of 
said Association do confide and intrust, aa 
well the said edifice erected at their expense, 
as the noble statute, the work of the first ar- 
tist in Europe, to the care and patriotism of 
the government of the State of Massachu- 
setts, for the use and benefit of the people 
of said State to all future generations." 

In pursuance of which, a Resolve was 
passed on the 9th of January, 1823, " that the 
legislature of this Commonwealth accepts 
the Statue of Washington upon the terms 
and conditions on which it is offered by the 
Trustees of the Washington Monument As- 
sociation ; and entertains a just sense of 
the patriotic feeling of those individuals, 
who have done honor to the State by plac- 
ing in it a statue of the Man whose life was 
among the greatest of his country's blessings, 
and whose fame is her proudest inheritance." 

This statue was procured by private subscription, and was placed in the 
State-House in the year 1828. 

The costume is a military cloak, which displays the figure to advantage. 
The effect is imposing and good : but, instead of confining himself to a 
close delineation of features, the sculptor, like Canova, has allowed some 
latitude to his genius in expressing his idea of the character of the subject. 

The lot on which the State-House was built was conveyed to the Com- 
monwealth by the town of Boston, on the 2d day of May, 1795. The 
Commissioners on the part of Boston to make this conveyance were Wil- 
liam Tudor, Charles Jarvis, John Coffin Jones, William Eustis, William 
Little, Thomas Dawes, Joseph Russell, Harrison Gray Otis, and Perry 




27* 



188 MASSACHUSETTS HISTORICAL SOCIETY. 

Morton. The ground is termed in the deed, the Governor'' s Pasture^ or 
Governor Hancock's Pasture ; and the dimentions were stated as follows. 
Running eastwardly on Beacon Street, 543 feet S inches, thence northward- 
ly up a passage way to the summit 249 feet, thence westwardly to the north- 
east corner of the lot, 235 feet 3 inches, thence to the first corner 371 feet. 

The purchase money was " four thousand pounds lawful money." The 
Commissioners or agents for the erection of the new State-House were 
named in the deed, viz, Thomas Dawes, Edward Hutchinson Robinson, 
and Charles Bulfinch. 

Owing to the present want of accommodation for the various public of- 
fices, the State library, and for other purposes connected with the execu- 
tive and legislative departments, the building has been enlarged. Plans 
for this enlargement were made by Mr. Bryant, architect of Boston. 

The extension consists of a building 41^ feet wide and 58 long; 4 stories 
high, located back of the one story portion of the State House containing 
Washington's statue, and extends from the rear wall of that portion back 
to Mount Vernon Street, built in style conforming to the present edifice. 
The lower story is wholly above the surface of the sidewalk ; the second, 
on a level with the Doric hall or rotunda of the present building, and 
contains the library, statues, &c. The third story, on a level with the 
lower part of the Hall of Representatives, contains two committee rooms, 
so arranged that they can be made into one by the removal of the par- 
tition at any time, as with folding doors. The fourth story contains 4 
committee rooms. There are two entrances for the extension, one from 
Mount Vernon Street, another from the eastern side of the present ro. 
tunda, through the entry near the foot of the stairway leading to the 
cupola. Estimates prepared by competent mechanical judges make the 
cost to be about $75,000. 



THE MASSACHUSETTS HISTORICAIi SOCIETY. 

This institution has rooms in the Granite Building in Tremont Street, 
near the Stone Chapel. The house is owned by the Society. 

In 1790. the Rev. Jeremy Belknap and four others agreed to form such 
an Association. On the 24th of the next January, they and five more were 
fuUy organized. Their main object was to collect manuscripts and books 
to illustrate the history of their own Republic . Their beginning was small 
but their progress however gradual, has been successful. At present, the 
Society have about 7,000 printed volumes and over 200 volumes of man. 










1^ 


lE^iii i'"' 


^ 


'Wrfi 







1' III 



l> 



MASSACHUSKTTS HISTORICAL SOCIETY. 189 

uscripts. They have had issued from the press, 30 volumes of their Col- 
lections. Formerly it was their endeavor, more than now, to gather other 
relics of the past. Of these, the three following are selected. 




Carvtr Sicord. 

This is the memento of a worthy pilgrim. It was owned by John 
Carver, who was among the most valuable men that left England and em- 
igrated to Holland, for the conscientious enjoyment of their religion. He 
was a prominent member of John Robinson's Church in Leyden. He took 
an active part in obtaining tHe Patent, under which the settlers of New 
Plymouth came over. When these were intending to land and dwell on 
Cape Cod, his name headed the subscribers to the constitution, which they 
adopted for their civil government. They unanimously chose him as their 
first chief magistrate. As the guide of so small a commonwealth, sur- 
rounded by imminent perils, and especially by that of being destroyed by 
the adjacent natives, whose wrongs from some of the white race filled 
them with a thirst for revenge upon the whole of them within their reach, 
he and his associates felt the need of arms to protect themselves and fami- 
lies. Hence the reason why his sturdy blade was not beat into a plough- 
share, but was worn by him as an instrument of defence. While ready to 
use it as he thought obligation might require, he was summoned, April, 
1621, to enter on eternal realities, and, as we trust, on the reward, of a 
faithful steward. 

The desk delineated in this cut 
was long used by the successive 
speakers of the Representatives of 
Massachusetts, in the old State 
House. It continued to be so em- 
ployed till the new edifice of this 
name was prepared for the legis- 
lature, whose first session in the 
latter was January 11, 1798. The 
desk was then laid aside, as too 
antiquated for modern taste. But, 
well for its preservation, members 
of the Historical Society had an 
eye of favor towards it, for the ful- 
ness of its past usefulness. They 
•obtained it, and ever since it has Speaker's desk,andWinslotD'schair. 



, sS' f 




190 MASSACHUSETTS HISTORICAL SOCIETY. 

held an honorable place. "Were it endowed with speech, what thrilling 
tones of eloquence and what interesting facts could it repeat relative to 
the unwritten and forgotten proceedings of our colonial and provincial 
legislation ! 

The second article is a large oak chair, fitted for the patriarchal table 
around which it was often placed. When our eyes behold it, we think of 
the many, once buoyant with the hopes of life, who rested upon it when fa- 
tigued, and were cheerfully refreshed from the hospitable board, and took 
part in the varied topics of social conversation, but who, long since, have 
gone the way of all the earth. Among these, was its worthy proprietor, 
Edward Winslow. The tradition is, that, made in London in 1614, it wris 
brought over by him in the May-Flower among the effects of the first em- 
igrants to New Plymouth. After having sustained the highest offices of 
the colony with honor to himself and usefulness to others, he died May 
8th, 1655, aged 61, in the service of the crown, as commissioner to super- 
intend an expedition of the English against the Spanish West Indies. The 
chair and desk are now both in a good state of preservation, and are well 
worthy the attention of the antiquary. 

This article of Indian antiquity awakens ^ 

within us trains of thought, which partake 
more of sadness than of gayety. It carries 
us to the royal wigwam at Mount Hope in 
Rhode Island, introduces us to the family of 
its owner, busily occupied in satisfying 
their appetite with the corn and beans, 
which it often presented as the products 
of their own culture and preparation. Philip's Samp-pan. 

Around it, the joys of domestic intercourse, the expressions of affectionate 
hearts between children and parents, the gratulations of relatives and 
friends, abounded. But the crisis came, and the whole scene was convert- 
ed to utter desolation. The proprietor of such a relic was Philip, the 
Sachem of Pokanoket, the youngest son of Massasoit. He succeeded his 
brother, Alexander, 1657, renewed friendship with the English, 1662, and 
began a desolating warfare with them, 1675. His principal object appears 
to have been to arrest the progress of Christianity among his own people 
and other tribes, and thus prevent their assimilation to the principles and 
civilization of their European neighbors, and, as he feared, their final ex- 
tinction. After the exhibition of much physical and intellectual power, 
he was compelled to flee before the superior discipline of his opponents. 
He took refuge in secret places around his home. He was discovered and 
shot in a swamp, Aug. 12th, 1676. His head was cut oflf, placed on a pole, 
and shown publicly at Plymouth, as the punishment of a traitor. Thus 
fell one who was a hero in the estimation of his friends, while his foes de- 
nounced him as a powerful traitor. Though this diflTerence may exist on 




BANKING INSTITUTIONS OF BOSTON. 191 

earth, there is a tribunal where all will receive according to their deserts. 
The right, whether of barbarous or civilized, will there be acknowledged, 
confirmed, and rewarded. 



Provident Institution for Savings. 



The charter for this institution was granted on the 13th of December, 
1816. Its first location was in the old Court House, then in Court street, 
afterwards in Scollay's buildingy in Court street, and then in the building 
erected for it in Tremont street, a few yards north of the Stone Chapel. 
It is now located in Tremont Place, occupying the mansion house of that 
prince of Boston merchants. Col. Thomas H. Perkins. 

The statistics of the Provident Institutions for Savings indicate that it 
has been productive of great good to the community, and especially to 
the poorer classes, for whose benefit it was more especially intended 
The amount deposited by customers during the last year (ending 30th 
June, 1851) was $1,181,182, and the amount withdrawn was $957,536. 
The aggregate of deposits on the 1st day of July, 1851, was 83,916,026,50. 



BANKING INSTITUTIONS OF BOSTON. 

There are now thirty-seven Banks established in the city of Boston, 
with an aggregate capital of $31,960,000. 

None of these are remarkable for their architectural beauty or display. 
The Suffolk Bank is the point of redemption for nearly all the bank cir- 
culation of New England. 



192 



BANK OF COMMERCE. 



The accompanying engraving represents the front of the new Bank of 
Commerce on State street. The front is of Connecticut sandstone, and the 
style of architecture, Italian. The ground floor is occupied by Insurance 
Offices, and the second or principal story by the Bank of Commerce ; the 
upper stories are used as offices for different purposes. The builder of the 
above Bank was T. W. R. Emery, Esq., and the design was furnished by 
Charles E. Parker, architect. 




The Bank of Commerce, — Erected 1850. 

The building has a front on State Street of 27J^ feet, and is four stories in 
height ; with a depth of 63 feet to Doane street. The Cashier's room, fac- 
ing State street, is 25 by 14 feet, and the main banking room back of it, 54 
by 25 feet. The banking rooms are all on the second floor. 

As a model for new bank buildings this is deserving an examination, be- 
cause it combines economy in space with ample light for the officers, ele- 
gance of appearance, and many conveniences that are essential in the 
arrangement and construction of such an edifice. 



HANCOCK HOUSE. 



193 




THE HANCOCK HOUSE, BEACON STREET. 

The annexed engraving exhibits a view of the mansion house of John 
Hancock, the celebrated governor of that name, and whose bold and manly 
signature is so much admired on the charter of our liberties. 

It is situated on the elevated ground in Beacon Street, fronting towards the 
south. The principal building is of hewn stone, " finished, not altogether 
in the modern style, nor yet in the ancient Gothic taste." It is raised 
twelve or thirteen feet above the street ; and the ascent is through a gar- 
den, bordered with flowers and small trees. Fifty-six feet in breadth, the 
front terminates in two lofty stories. While occupied by Governor Han- 
cock, the east wing formed a spacious hall ; and the west wing wa-s appro- 
priated to domestic purposes, — the whole embracing, with the stables, 
coach-house, and other offices, an extent of 220 feet. In those days, there 
was a delightful garden behind the mansion, ascending gradually to the 
high lands in the rear. This spot was also handsomely embellished with 
glacis, and a variety of excellent fruit trees. From the summer-house, 
might be seen West Boston, Charlestown, and the north part of the town ; 
the Colleges, the bridges of the Charles and Mystic rivers, the ferry of Win- 
nisimmet, and "fine country of that vicinity, to a great extent." The 
south and west views took in Roxbury, the highlands of Dorchester and 
Brookline, the blue hills of Milton and Braintree, together with numerous 
farm-houses, verdant fields, and laughing valleys. Upon the east, the 
islands of the harbor, " from Castle William to the Light House, engaged 
the sight by turns, which at last was lost in the ocean, or only bounded by 
the horizon." 

In front of this edifice is an extensive green, called "the Common," 
containing forty-eight acres, where, in the Governor's time, " an hundred 
cows daily fed." It was then handsomely railed in, except on the west, 



28 



194 HANCOCK HOUSE. 

where it was washed by the river Charles and the Back Bay. The mall, 
bordering the Common on the east, is ornamented with a triple row of 
trees ; and " hither the ladies and gentlemen resorted in summer, to inhale 
those refreshing breezes which were wafted over the water." Upon days 
of election, and public festivity, this ground teemed, as it does now on 
similar occasions, with multitudes of every description ; and here " the 
different military corps performed," as at the current day, " their stated 
exercise." 

Governor Hancock inherited this estate from his uncle, Thomas Han- 
cock, Esquire, who erected the building in 1737, At that period, the 
" court part of the town " was at the " north end," and his fellow citizens 
marvelled not a little that he should have selected, for a residence, such aa 
unimproved spot as this then was. 

In the lifetime of that venerable gentleman, the doors of hospitality were 
opened to the stranger, the poor and distressed ; and annually, on the an- 
niversary of the Ancient and Honorable Artillery Company, he entertained 
the Governor and Council, and most respectable personages, at his house. 
The like attentions were shown to the same military body by Governor 
Hancock, who inherited all the urbanity, generous spirit, and virtues of 
his uncle, 

" In a word, if purity of air, extensive prospects, elegance and conven- 
ience united, are allowed to have charms," says one who wrote many 
years past, "this seat is scarcely exceeded by any in the Union." This 
statement, however, must be received with some qualification, in 1851. 
The premises are not entirely as they were. It is true, there is the same 
noble exterior, which the edifice possessed at its erection, nor have any 
important alterations been made in the interior. The greater part of the 
flower garden remains in front ; nor do we know of a want of pure air, ele- 
gance, or convenience in the establishment. But the " stables and coach 
house " are not to be found ; and the " prospect," though still very beau- 
tiful, has been materially abridged by the adjacent buildings. 

The garden behind the mansion, glacis, fruit trees, and summer house 
Imve all disappeared. Even " the high lands," beyond, have been much 
reduced, to make room for public avenues and stately dwellings, in that 
part of the metropolis. Among the many private residences upon the 
grounds in the rear, may be named that of the Hon. Benjamin T. Pickman, 
formerly president of the Senate of Massachusetts. 

Every governor of the commonwealth, from the time of John Hancock 
to that of the present chief magistrate, has been lodged or entertained, 
more or less, in this hospitable mansion. Indeed, it has a celebrity in all 
parts of the country ; and most strangers, on visiting the capital of New 
England, endeavor to catch a glimpse of " the Hancock House." 

It is now, we believe, the property of some of the descendents of Gover- 
nor Hancock, and rented as a private dwelling. But, as we have indica- 



BOSTON COMMON. 195 

ted, since the demise of that eminent man, the hand of time and improve- 
ment has been constantly contending around and against it. It cannot long 
resist such attacks ; and, before many years elapse, this famous mansion 
will probably be razed to the ground, " and its place supplied by others." 



BOSTON COMMON. 



Contains 48 acres. The iron fence is 5,932 feet in length, and cost up- 
wards of $ 100,000. 

The Common has many historical associations to attach it to the hearts 
of the people. From the earliest settlement of Boston, it attracted atten- 
tion, which has been increasing ever since. It has several times been in 
danger of invasion, but thanks to the wisdom which then preserved it, and 
which has since rendered it inaccessible. The example should be heeded 
by all bodies who legislate for the health and happiness of posterity. Had 
this delightful spot been sacrificed to satisfy the cravings of public or pri- 
vate cupidity, language would fail in attempting to describe the injury it 
would have inflicted upon the city, or the contempt that would have cov- 
ered the perpetrators of the deed. 

Anxiety, however, for the future welfare of the Common may well re- 
main unaioused, as under the auspices of the City Government it must re- 
ceive proper improvement. Much is now doing to render the place still 
more attractive. Great credit is due our worthy Mayor, for the efficiency 
which has been exhibited in improving it the present year. A superin- 
tendent has recently been appointed to take charge of it, whose efforts are 
giving it an additional beauty. Several years since, the ashes and dirt that 
were carted on the Mall were found to operate against the healthy con- 
dition of the trees. Plantain weeds sprang up, also, to the great injury of 
the grass. This year, these evils have been remedied. The ashes have 
been removed, and about thirty loads of the plantain carried oif. The con- 
sequence is, a healthier appearance among the trees, and a more luxuriant 
growth of grass. 

lis Early History. — Commissioners were appointed to dispose of un- 
occupied lands, in 1634, and were instructed to leave out portions for new 
comers, and the further benefits of the toicn. Among this reserved ter- 
ritory was our present beautiful Common, which it is believed has always 
been public property. For many generations it served the double purpose 
of a training field and pasture, for which it was laid out by the town, ac- 
cording to depositions of the then oldest inhabitants, taken before Gov. 
Bradstreet, in 16S4. The city ordinance forbidding its use as a pasturage 
bears the date of 1833. The late militia laws have rendered its use, as a 



196 BOSTON COMMON. 

" training field," in a measure obsolete ; it is now used for the parades of 
our independent companies. 

Attempts to possess the Common have been made at different times. In 
one instance, a citizen petitioned for half an acre, for a building lot, but 
these attempts were all unsuccessful. We may be permitted to record an 
act which came very near making it private property. The proprietors of 
the Rope Walks, in 1795, had the misfortune to have their property 
burned. The town generously offered them that portion of the Common 
which is now the Public Garden, rent free, for rebuilding, which offer was 
accepted. In 1819, the rope walks were again destroyed by fire, and the 
owners proposed to cut the land into building lots and sell it. To this the 
citizen^ strongly objected, and so intense was public feeling upon the sub- 
ject, that it was left to referees, and as it appeared that the proprietors of 
the walks had ground for their claim, they were awarded the sum of $50,- 
000 to relinquish it, which the town authorities paid. 

A clause was inserted in the City Charter, making the Common public 
property for ever, and placing it beyond the power of the city to dispose 
of it. 

The Fence. — Previous to 1836 the Common was inclosed by a plain, 
unpretending, wooden post, three-rail fence. The present substantial iron 
fence was built at this date, and makes an imposing appearance. 

The Malls are wide, gravelled, and smooth, and are deemed the most de- 
lightful promenade grounds in the world. They are beautifully shaded by 
majestic elms and other trees, to the number of upwards of one thousand, 
some of which were planted over a hundred years ago. 

The time-honored elm still stands, the most significant and attractive of 
all, and crowds on all public days pay it a special visit. It has been 
strengthened by the aid of art, and it is inclosed by a fence to prevent its 
admirers from plucking a remembrancer from its rough exterior. By its 
side lies the frog-pond, but not the one of yore. Cochituate Lake now 
pours her glistening stream upon its rocky bed, and its waters leap and 
seem to laugh for joy that they have come to visit the far-famed garden 
of liberty. The wants of visitors have been anticipated, and, to give all 
the privilege of drinking the pure beverage, hydrants have been placed in 
different parts of the Common. 

In early times the name of " Crescent Pond " was given to this sheet of 
water, and it has been known as " Quincy Lake," but none have been in 
so common use as that of "Frog Pond," which now claims precedence 
only by custom. 

The grounds of the Common have been greatly improved the last year, 
under the superintendence of Mr. Sherburne. The paths have been re- 
gravelled, and the trees trimmed and washed with composition. Many of 
the young trees have had guards placed around them. The following is a 
list of the kind and number of trees. 



PUBLIC SaUARES. 



American Elms, 
English Elms, 
Linden Trees, 
Tulip Trees, 
Oaks, 

Sycamores, 
Hemlock, 
Jingo, 
Slippery Elm, 



TREES. 

664 Buttonwood, . . . . i 

49 Black Aspen, ... 6 

68 Black Ash, .... 7 

17 White and Silver-leaf Maple, 70 

8 Rock Maple, ... 14 

10 Arbor Vitce, .... 20 

I Fir Trees, .... 250 

1 Spruce Trees, .... 69 



Total, 1255 



Of the above, 202 trees were set out in April and May, 1850. Many of 
the decayed trees were thoroughly repaired. For this purpose, 300 yards of 
duck and 40 barrels of composition were used. Fifteen barrels of compo- 
sition were used in fiUing up the hollow in the " Big Elm," near the pond. 
Forty loads of plantain and seventy-five loads of knot-weed were carried 
away, and twelve bushels of grass-seed and eight bushels of oats were 
sown last season. There was also taken from Tremont Mall 6,104 loads 
of coal ashes, which were carried over to fill up near the Charles street 
Mall. Fifteen thousand and nine hundred bushels of Somerville gravel 
were used in improving Tremont and Charles street Malls. 

Iron Fences. — The Iron Fence around the Common has been thorough- 
ly cleaned, and 552 pounds of pales were put into it. Besides the iron 
fence, 8,1 10 feet of joist were used in stopping up paths made by persons in 
walking across the lots. 

There are on the Common 201 seats, of which 171 are wood, and thirty 
are stone. Of the wooden seats, 50 were put up and covered with zinc, 
in 1850 ; the remaining 121 are covered with sheet iron. 

Boston Neck. — Orfthis beautiful avenue there are 240 American elm 
trees. 

Fort Hill. — At this place there are fifty American elms, five ash trees, 
and one rock maple ; all of which have been trimmed and washed. The 
fence has also been repaired. 

In Summer, Franklin, Cambridge, Charles, and other streets, the trees 
have been fixed up in good style, and they are now repaying us, by their 
vigorous appearance, for the attention bestowed upon them. 

PUBLIC SQUARES. 

A residence on the Neck is made more agreeable by the additional at- 
tractions derived from the beautiful public squares, completed and contem- 
plated at the South End. 

Blackstojie Square contains 105,000 feet of land, and is handsomely or- 
namented with trees. The fence is about 1,300 feet in length, and cost 



193 MASSACHUSETTS BLIND ASYLUM. 

about $5,000, of which sum $2,000 was paid by the private subscription 
of tlie residents in the immediate neighborhood. There is a fountain in 
thi.s square, which, exclusive of tho i)ipo and vase, co.st about $ 750. 

Franklin Square, in size, cost, and appearance, is similar to Blackstone 
Square. 

Chester Square, near Northampton and Tremont streets, contains 62,- 
000 feet of land, inclosed by an iron fence, 987 feet in length. The cost of 
the fence was nearly $4,000, and that of the fountain, complete, about 
$1,000. 

Union Park, previously known as Weston street, has been graded this 
season, and is handsomely laid out, between Suffolk and Tremont streets. 
It contains about 16,500 feet of land, and will be appropriately ornamented 
with trees, walks, and a fountain. There are one hundred and eight house 
Iota in the immediate vicinity of this square, which will soon be covered 
with neat and substantial buildings. 

Worcester Square, between Washington street and Harrison avenue, 
will be completed in a short time, and will resemble Union Park. 

The Square in front of Dr. Lowell's church, on Cambridge street, has 
been beautifully ornamented. Tiio substantial iron fence is 369J feet in 
length, which, together with tho fountain and improvements, cost about 
$5,000. 



PJBRKIIVS INSTITUTION, AND MASSACHUSETTS 
ASYIiUM FOR THE BlilND. 

In tho year 1823, the late lamented Dr. J. D. Fi.iher called the attention 
of the people of Boston to the neglected condition of the Blind, and made 
an appeal in their behalf In consequence of this, several benevolent gen- 
tlemen associated themselves together, and in 182'J were incorporated by 
the name of the New England Asylum for tho Blind. During several years 
various attempts were made to put a school in operation, but they were 
not successful until the ye^r 1832, when Dr. Samuel G. Howe undertook its 
organiziilion, and commenced the experiment of instructing six blind chil- 
dren. Before tho experiment was concluded the funds were cxliausted, 
but it was persevered in to tho end of the year, and then an exhibition of 
the pupils was made before the legislature and the public, and an appeal 
was made for aid. This was promptly and generously met. Tho legisla- 
ture voted to make an annual grant of $G,000; the ladies raised $ 14,000 
by a Fair in Faneuil Hall; coMlril)ulion3 were raised in all the principal 
towns of the Slate, and finally Thomas II. Perkins olTered his valuable man- 
sion house in Pearl street, provided the sum of $50,000 should be secured 



MASSACHUSETTS BLIND ASYLUM. 191) 

to the funds of the institution. The condition was accepted, and the lib- 
eral merchants of Boston made up all that was needed. 

Thus, as soon as it was proved that tlie hitherto neglected blind could bo 
instructed, the public were called upon to provide the means They did 
so, eagerly and generously ; and rapidly laid broad the foundation, and 
raised high the walls of an institution which will probably endure as long 
us blindness is inflicted upon the community. 

This institution may be considered as part of the Common School sys- 
tem of Massachusetts. All citizens having blind children may send them 
here and have them boarded and taught, not as a matter of charity, but of 
right. 

As soon as the success of the enterprise was insured at home, efforts 
were made to extend the blessings of the system to the blind of the coun- 
try generally, and the Director with his pupils visited thirteen other States, 
and exhibited their acquirements. In consequence of this, the legislatures 
of all the New England States, and of South Carolina, made liberal appro- 
priations for sending their blind to the new school; and the foundations 
were laid in Ohio, Kentucky, and Virginia, for what are now large and 
flourishing institutions for the blind, — New York and Pennsylvania hav- 
ing in the mean time moved of their own accord. 

The readiness and eagerness with which the public came forward in an- 
swer to the appeal in behalf of the blind is creditable to the age and to the 
country. 

The pupils in the School are taught reading, writing, arithmetic, geog- 
raphy, history, natural philosophy, natural history, and physiology. They 
are carefully instructed in the theory and practice of vocal and instrumen- 
tal music. Besides this they are taught some handicraft work by which 
they may earn their livelihood. In this institution, for the first time in 
the world's history, successful attempts were made to break through the 
double walls in which Blind-Deaf Mutes are immured, and to leach them 
a systematic language for communion with their fellow men. Laura 
Bridgman and Oliver Casw.ell are living refutations of the legal and popu- 
lar maxim that those who are born both deaf and blind must bo necessari- 
ly idiotic. They are pioneers in the way out into the light of knowledge, 
which may be followed by many others. 

In 1844 a supplementary institution grew out of the parent one, for the 
employment in handicraft work of such blind men and women as could 
not readily find employment at home. 

This establishment has been highly successful. A spacious and conven- 
ient workshop has been built at South Boston, to which the workmen and 
women repair every day and are furnished with work, and paid all they 
can earn. . 

The general course and history of the Perkins Institution has been one 
of remarkable success. It has always been under the direction of one per- 



200 



MASSACHUSETTS BLIND ASYLUM. 



son. It has grown steadily in public favor, and is the means of extended 
usefulness. In 1832 it was an experiment ; it had but six pupils ; it was 
in debt ; and was regarded eis a visionary enterprise. In 1833 it was taken 
under the patronage of the State ; it was patronized by the wealthy, and 
enabled to obtain a permanent local habitation and a name. 

In 1834, it had 34 pupils from Massachusetts, New York, New Hamp- 
shire, Connecticut, Ohio, and Virginia. The number has steadily grown up 
to 110; the greatest number ever in the institution at once. The pupils 
remain from 5 to 7 years, and are discharged. The average number is 100. 




Perkins Institution, South Boston. 

The building originally conveyed to the trustees by Col. T. H. Perkins 
for the uses of the Asylum, in the year 1833, was afterwards exchanged for 
the present building on Mount Washington, South Boston. This latter 
property includes about one acre of ground. 



MASSACHUSETTS BUND ASYLUM. 201 

The terms of admission are as follows : the children of citizens of Mas- 
sachusetts, not absolutely wealthy, fret; others, at the rate of $ 160 a 
year, which covers all expenses except for clothing. Applicants must be 
under 16 years of age. Adults are not received into the institution proper, 
but they can board in the neighborhood, and be taught trades in the work- 
shop gratuitously. After six months they are put upon wages. 

This department is a self-supporting one, but its success depends upon 
the sale of goods, at the depot No. 20 Bromfield street. Here may be found 
the work of the blind ; all warranted, and put at the lowest market pri- 
ces ;' nothing being asked or expected in the way of charity. The institu- 
tion is not rich, except in the confidence of the public, and the patronage 
of the legislature. 

It is open to the public on the afternoon of the first Saturday in each 
month, but in order to prevent a crowd, no persons are admitted without a 
ticket, which may be obtained gratuitously at No. 20 Bromfield street. 
A limited number of strangers, and persons particularly interested, may be 
admitted any Saturday in the forenoon, by previously applying as above 
for tickets. 

The number of pupils entered in the institution, up to 1S51, has been sev- 
eral hundred. 

The Asylum is yearly in receipt of $ 9,000 from the State. 

Articles manufactured by the Blind and kept constantly for sale at the 
sales-rooms. No. 20 Bromfield street : — Mattresses, of all sizes, of superi- 
or and common South American hair, Cocoanut Fibre, Cotton, Moss, 
Cornstalk, Palmleaf, Straw, &c. ; Improved spiral-spring Mattresses, Palm- 
leaf Palliasses, and Cushions of all kinds, made to order. Beds, of live 
geese and Russia feathers ; the feathers are cleansed by steam. Comforters, 
of all sizes, wadded with cotton or wool, Sheets and Pillow Cases, Bed 
Ticks. Crash, Diaper, and Damask Towels, from $1 to $4 per dozen. 
.Satchels and Travelling Bags, of all sizes. Entry Mats, Fine woven Mats 
of Cocoanut Fibre, with colored worsted bodies, equal to imported goods, 
and at less prices. Very heavy Woven Mats for public buildings. Also, 
Manilla, Jute, Palmleaf, and open-work Fibre Mats, of various qualities 
and prices. Sofas and Chairs repaired and restuffed, and Cane Chairs re- 
seated. Particular attention given to making over, cleansing, and refitting 
old mattresses and feather beds. Mr. J. W. Patten is agent for the sale 
of these articles, at No. 20 Bromfield street. 

The asylum realized, in the year IS-17, the handsome sum of % 30,000, by 
the will of the late WiUiam Oliver of Boston. 

Tlie experience of tlie officers of the institution has induced the convic- 
tions, — 1. That the blind, els a class, are inferior to other persons in mental 
power and ability ; and 2. That blindness, or a strong constitutional ten- 
dency to it, is very often hereditary. The Superintendent says, — " I believe 
that a general knowledge of the existence of this stern and inexorable law 



202 MASSACHUSETTS BLIND ASYLUM. 

will do more to diminish the number of infirmities with which the human 
race is afflicted than any thing else can do. 

"The experience of many years, an acquaintance with several hundreds 
of blind persons, and much personal inquiry, have convinced me that 
when children are born blind, or when they become blind early in life, in 
consequence of diseases which do not usually destroy the sight, the pre- 
disposing cause can be traced to the progenitors in almost all cases. 
Moreover, I believe, that, where the predisposing cause cannot be so 
traced, it is only in consequence of our ignorance, and not because there 
are exceptions to the rule. 

" The hereditary tendency to disease among the progeny of persons relat- 
ed by blood, or of scrofulous or intemperate persons, or of persons whose 
physical condition is vitiated in various ways, is not seen at once, and may 
be entirely overlooked, for various reasons. In the first place, there may 
be only a strong tendency or predisposition to some infirmity, as blind- 
ness, deafness, insanity, idiocy, &c., which is not developed without some 
i7nmediate exciting cause. " 

The two blind mutes, Laura Bridgman and Oliver Caswell, whose in- 
struction was of course entirely different from that of the other pupils, have 
made very satisfactory progress. They each of them required special 
care, and the almost undivided attention of a teacher. They continue to 
be most interesting persons in their way ; and would be distinguished any- 
where, among youth with all their senses, for their happiness, gentleness, 
affection, and truthfulness. 

Among the books published by this institution for the use of the blind 
are the following : The Bible, Lardner's Universal History, Howe's Geog- 
raphy and Atlas, The English Reader, two parts. The Pilgrim's Progress, 
Life of Melancthon, Constitution of the United States, Political Class 
Book, Principles of Arithmetic, Natural Philosophy and Natural History, 
Book of Common Prayer, Tables of Logarithms. The entire number of 
volumes issued, up to 1846, was forty-one. 

If a fund could be established which would yield a regular and perma- 
nent income of $2,500, it would secure to nearly fifty blind persons the 
means of supporting themselves independently of any other aid. Such a 
fund would in reality constitute an independent establishment, and might 
bs made useful through coming generations. 

The number of inmates reported on the first of January, 1850, was one 
hundred and two. Of these, fourteen have left, while twenty-one new 
ones have entered, so that the present number (January 13, 1851) is one 
hundred and nine. This is the largest number ever connected with the in- 
stitution at one time. 

Eighty -three are connected with the school, and are for the most part of 
tender age. Twenty-six are adults belonging to the work department, 
most of whom were formerly pupils in the school. 



THE PUBLIC SCHOOLS OF BOSTON. 

BY ISAAC E. SHEPARD. 

The Company who settled in Boston in June, 1630, under Winthrop, 
were most of tiiem men of sound learning, far-sighted vision, and noble 
spirit. Stern as were their religious views, their sentiments upon politi- 
cal prosperity were sound and healthy ; and the deep foundations which 
they laid for social and public happiness are truly wonderful. With the 
Bible for a basis, they erected a fabric of intelligence and learning, which 
is, at this day, the glory of their descendants, and the crowning excel- 
lence of entire New England. It has, indeed, been the pride of each sub- 
sequent generation, not to deface nor mar the walls of our fathers' build, 
ing, but to beautify, perfect, and adorn them, extending their area, and 
elevating their towers of grandeur in all strength and fair proportion. 
Hence it is, that the religious element of our character has ever been 
eclipsed by the intelligence, knowledge, and sound wisdom of the people 
at large. Almost at the moment of landing, they began to teach the chil- 
dren ; and as early as April 13, 163.5, the Records give ample evidence of 
the establishment of a "Free School," — and from that hour to the pres- 
ent have the inhabitants of Boston cherished and fostered these invalua- 
ble institutions, — so that the history of the Boston Schools is, in a good 
degree, the history of the people themselves. 

The generous public spirit of our citizens, proverbial as it is, shows in 
nothing so conspicuously as in the support of schools. The Masters of 
the Latin and English High Schools, have a salary of $ 2,400 each, per 
annum; the Sub-Masters of both schools have $1,500 each, and the 
Ushers have$ 1,000 forthe firpt year of service, with an annual increase 
of $ 100 for each additional year of service until the salary amounts to 
$ 1,500, at which sum it remains fixed. All the Grammar and Writing 
Masters have $1,800 per annum; all Sub-Masters in the Grammar 
Schools S 1,200 ; all Ushers $ 900 ; all Head Assistants $ 450, and all 
other Assistants $ 400 each. The Teachers of all Primary Schools re- 
ceive each $400 per annum, with $25 extra allowance for the care of 
their rooms. The Teachers of Music receive $ 125 per annum, for ser- 
vices and the use of a piano forte. 

Few people are aware that tlie vast sums spent each year in the city of 
Boston, for public instruction, —larger than in all Great Britain, — are 



204 PUBLIC SCHOOLS IN BOSTON. 

almost entirely a voluntary offering. The laws of the Commonwealth, 
even as early as 1647, do, indeed, require the support of public schools in 
all the towns within its jurisdiction; but a single school will meet the 
demands of the law in most towns ; and in our large city itself, but three 
schools and three teachers would meet the intent of the statute. Two of 
these must be teachers "competent to instruct children in Orthography, 
Reading, Writing, English Grammar, Arithmetic, and good behavior"; 
and the other must be " a master of competent ability and good morals, 
who shall, in addition to the branches of learning before mentioned, give 
instruction in the History of the United States, Book-keeping, Surveying, 
Geometry, and Algebra ; the Latin and Greek Languages, General Histo- 
ry, Rhetoric, and Logic." These three teachers might cost the city, at 
the present rate of salaries, $4,500, with the expense of interest for 
houses added ; in all, perhaps, $ 7,000. Instead, however, of being satis- 
fied to fulfil the letter of the excellent law, our citizens take pride in 
supporting a Latin School, an English High School, twenty-two Gram- 
mar Schools, and one hundred and ninety-seven Primary Schools, with a 
corps of four hundred and twenty teachers, whose combined salaries 
amount to $223,024,00 ! Addtothis,perhap3, $ 1,452,000 vested in school- 
houses, besides apparatus and incidental expenses of fuel, superintend- 
ents, and et ceteras, and the sacrifice of property, for the good of future 
generations, stands forth without a parallel, probably, in the world's his- 
tory. 

The present school system of Boston is nearly complete, and almost 
perfect. Until the year 1792, the selectmen of the town had the entire 
charge of the schools, and all matters pertaining to them. At that time 
there was but six schools, — the North Reading, and the North Writing 
Schools, the Centre Reading, and the Centre Writing Schools, the South 
Reading, and the South Writing Schools. On the 12th day of March in 
that year, "at a meeting of the freeholders and other inhabitants of the 
town of Boston, duly qualified and legally warned, in public Town Meet- 
ing assembled in Faneuil Hall, the article in the warrant, viz. 'To 
choose a School Committee,' was read," and on motion it was "voted, 
that in addition to the Selectmen, twelve persons shall now be chosen." 
In accordance with the vote, Hon. Thomas Dawes, Rev. Samuel West, 
Rev. John Lothrop, Rev. James Freeman, John C. Jones, Esq., Dr. Thom- 
as Welch, Dr. Nathaniel Appleton, Jonathan Mason, Jr., Esq., Dr. Aaron 
Dexter, Christopher Gore, Esq., George R. Minot, Esq., and William Tu- 
dor, Esq., were chosen by ballot. These gentlemen, with the Selectmen, 
constituted the first legitimate School Committee in the town, and ever 
since this Board have had their election direct from the people. At pres- 
ent, by a special enactment by the Legislature, in 1835, twenty-four per- 
sons are annually elected to this office, two from each ward of the city, 
who with the Mayor and the President of the Common Council, consti- 



PUBLIC SCHOOLS IN BOSTON. 205 



tute the School Committee, and have the superintendence of all the Public 

Schools. 

The first meeting of the Board is required to be held early in January, 
and the Mayor is ex officio, Chairman. A visiting Committee for each 
school, consisting of five for the Latin and English High Schools, respec- 
tively, and three for each of the other Schools ; a Committee on Books, 
consisting of five members ; a Committee of Music ; a Committee of Con- 
ference with the Primary School Committee ; and a Committee on the 
erection, alteration, and ventilation of School-Houses, of three members 
each, are appointed by the Chair, subject to the approval of the Board. 
Stated quarterly meetings are held at the room of the Common Council, 
on the first Wednesday of February, May, August, and November. The 
sub-committee are required to examine the individual schools at least once 
in each quarter of the year, and to visit them not less than once each 
month, without previous notice to the instructors. Reports of these ex- 
aminations must be made in writing, at the quarterly meetings, together 
with all circumstances of note appertaining to the schools. The appoint- 
ments of instructors take place annually, in August, — the masters by 
ballot, — the salaries are then fixed and voted, and no change in amount 
can be made at any other time. The teachers all hold office for one year, 
unless sooner removed by vote of the Board, and no longer except by re- 
election. At the May meeting two examining committees are annually 
appointed, of three members each ; one for the English Grammar Schools, 
and one for the Writing Schools. In May, June, or July, these commit- 
tees must critically examine the pupils of the first class in all the studies 
prescribed for the first, second, and third classes, in order to ascertain the 
condition of the schools, and report before the election of masters, that 
the appointments may be judiciously made. Similar examinations, and 
for similar purposes, are also made by the "Visiting Committees of the 
Latin and English High Schools, and these Reports, after being accepted, 
are printed and distributed among the citizens, one copy to each family. 

The laws of the Commonwealth provide that "no youth shall be sent 
to the Grammar Schools, unless they shall have learned, in some other 
school, or in some other way, to read the English language, by spelling 
the same." This law excluded from the benefits of public instruction a 
large number of children whose parents were unable to pay for their tui- 
tion in private schools ; but it was not till 1818, that any provision was 
made for remedying the evil. At a legal meeting of the inhabitants of 
the town of Boston, assembled in Faneuil Hall, June 11, 1818, notified for 
the purpose of considering the subject of establishing Primary Schools, 
the following vote was passed, and $ 5,000 appropriated for the first year's 
support of these schools. 

" Voted, That the School Committee be instructed, in the month of 
June, annually, to nominate and appoint three gentlemen in each ward. 



29 



206 PUBLIC SCHOOLS IN BOSTON. 

whose duty collectively, shall be to provide instruction lor children be- 
tween four and seven years of age, and apportion the expenses among the 
several Schools." 

In accordance with this Vote of the Town, the original Committee for 
Primary Schools was appointed; and from year to year it has been con- 
tinued, and the number enlarged. It is now one of the standing regula- 
tions of the Grammar School Board, to appoint annually, in January, a 
suitable number of gentlemen, whose duty shall be to provide instruction 
for children between four and seven years of age, by means of the Prima- 
ry Schools. The Committee of these Schools are authorized to organize 
their body and regulate their proceedings, as they may deem most conve- 
nient ; to fill all vacancies which may occur in the same during the year, 
and to remove members at their discretion. 

It having been found that there were many children in the City, who 
were old enough to attend the Grammar Schools, but who could not read 
well enough to be admitted there, application was made to the City Gov- 
ernment, at an early period, for the establishment of Schools for this neg- 
lected class of our population. But it was not till 1833 that any provision 
was made for their instruction. In March of that year, an Order was 
passed by the City Council, which, in December, IS46, was amended as 
follows : — 

" Ordered, That the Primary School Committee be, and they are hereby 
authorized to admit into one or more Schools, to be by them selected, in 
each of the school Districts, any child who is more than seven years of 
age, and is not qualified for admission into the Grammar Schools." 

These last are called Intermediate Schools, and are the last link in the 
chain of public instruction. The system, then, may be summed up as 
follows : — 

First. The Primary Schools, — each taught by one female teacher, 
elected annually, in July, by the District Committees. These Schools re- 
ceive all applicants between four and eight years of age. Here are taught 
the Lord's Prayer and Ten Commandments, Reading, Spelling, the use of 
the Slate, the first principles of Arithmetic, and plain sewing, at discre- 
tion. At eight years of age, every scholar, if deemed qualified, receives 
a certificate of transfer to the Grammar Schools. Transfers may take 
place on the first Monday of any month, when deemed necessary, but the 
regular time for them is semi-annually, on the first Monday in March, 
and at the time of the July vacation. Monthly, quarterly, and yearly ex- 
aminations are obligatory upon the diflferent committees, — the last by the 
Executive Committee in the first two weeks of May. The Intermediate 
Schools, for the special instruction of children over eight years of age not 
qualified for the Grammar Schools, belong under the Primary organization. 

Second. The English Grammar and Writing Schools,— XSMght by 
Masters, Ushers, and female Assistants. These receive all children who 



PUBLIC SCHOOLS IN BOSTON. 207 

apply and "can read easy prose," at the age of eight years, and chil- 
dren only seven may be admitted, " when they shall satisfactorily appear, 
on examination by the Graimnar Master, to be otherwise qualified for 
admission." New pupils can be admitted on the first Monday of the 
Calendar months only ; but transfers from one Grammer School to another 
can be made at all times. If the applicant does not come from a Primary, 
or another Grammar School, he must bring a certificate from a physician 
as evidence of his previous vaccination. Boys retain their places in these 
Schools until the next annual exhibition after they are fourteen, and girls un- 
til after they are sixteen years of age. Special leave from the Sub-Commit- 
tee may, however, be given for longer attendance. In these Schools are 
taught, chiefly. Spelling. Reading, English Grammar, Geography, History, 
Writing, Arithmetic, Algebra, Natural Philosophy and Drawing. Geom- 
etry, Physiology, and Natural History, are, however, allowed, and Vocal 
Music is taught by a Professor, semi-weekly. Every school is furnished 
with a set of philosophical apparatus, globes, outline maps, a pianoforte, 
and all other desirable aids to the complete illustration of the subjects 
taught. The departments are subdivided into four grades or classes, with 
prescribed text-books and courses of study to each, and no pupil is allowed 
to attend without a full supply of the former. In addition to the above 
studies. Vocal Music is taught in all the Grammar Schools, twice each 
week, by a teacher specially employed. 

Third. The English High School, — under the charge of a Master, 
Sub- Master, and so many assistants as shall give one instructor to every 
thirty-five pupils. Boys only are admitted to this school, and candidates 
must be at least twelve years old, and can remain members of the school 
only three years. This school was instituted with the design of furnish- 
ing a complete English Education to those young men of the city not in- 
tended for a collegiate course. Instruction is given in the elements of 
Mathematics and Natural Philosophy, with their application to the scien- 
ces and the arts, in Grammar, Rhetoric, and Belles Lettres, in Moral Phi- 
losophy, in History, Natural and Civil, and in the French Language. 
This institution is furnished with a valuable mathematical and philosoph- 
ical apparatus, and a fine telescope. Examinations for admission can be 
made only once a year, — on the Thursday and Friday next succeeding the 
exhibition of the school in July. 

The Fourth and last grade in the system of Public Instruction is the 
Latin Grammar School. The instructors are the same in number and 
rank as the High School, and like the last must have been educated at 
some respectable College. The rudiments of the Latin and Greek Lan- 
guages are taught, and Scholars are fully qualified for any College. In- 
struction is also given in Mathematics, History, Declamation, and English 
Composition. The qiialifications and the time for admission are the same 
as with the High School, and the regular course of instruction continues 



PUBLIC SCHOOLS IN BOSTON. 



five years. Special permission may, however, be given for longer attend- 
ance. 

Thus have we given a pretty fuU^ and, we trust, accurate view of our 
justly boasted School system, — which, strange as it may seem, is scarce- 
ly comprehended by one citizen in a hundred. The work, we believe, 
will be a valuable and acceptable one, and to enhance its interest, we sub- 
join a chronological sketch of each individual school, with an accurate 
engraving of each house. 

BOARD OF SCHOOL COM3IITTEE FOR 1856. 

The Mayor and President of the Common Council, ex-officiis. 

1. Lyman B. Hanaford, Isaac B.Mills, Eph. Buck, G. Fabyan, Adino 
0. B. Hall, E. H. Snelling. 

2. Rufus W. Clark, Warren H. Cudworth, J. N. Sykea, M. B, Leonard^ 

E. Wright, E. A. Hill. 

3. N. Webster Farley, Uriah K. Mayo, Samuel A. Bradbury, Isaac H, 
Hazleton, Edward D. G. Palmer, Daniel P. Simpson. 

4. S. K. Lothrop, M. P. Stickney, Nath'l B. ShurtlefF, Ezra Palmer, Jr., 

F. E. Parker, B. S. Shaw. 

5. Geo. Russell, Joseph L. Bates, William Howe, Frederick Emerson? 
Henry A. Miles, Theophilus R. Marvin. 

6. Henry Upham, J. G. Wilbur, G. W. Tuxbury, Chandler Robbins, 
two vacancies. 

7. Augustus A. Gould, John Codman, Le Baron Russell, Robert W. 
Hooper, Chas. D. Homans, Alex'r H. Vinton. 

8. Rufus Ellis, J. I. T. Coolidge, Geo. H. Lyman, John B. Alley. Thos" 
M. Brewer, S. W. Bates. 

9. G. Norton, Ambrose A. Ranney, Otis A. Skinner, W. W. Baker, J. 
Phelps Putnam, Wm. Beck. 

10. Samuel Holbrook, Solomon J. Gordon, Samuel J. M. Homer, Wil 
liam M. Cornell, G. M. Randall, Enoch 0. Rolfe. 

11. Chas. W. Moore, Alvah Hobbs, Norman C. Stevens, James A. Foxi 

G. Eaton, Arthur H. Poor. 

12. Jasper H. York, Horace Smith, D. McB. Thaxter, Jr., Thos. Dawes, 
Charles S. Porter, H. A. Drake. 



LATIN SCHOOL. 



LATIN SCHOOIi, BEDFORD STREET. 

Established 1647, Erected 1S44, Cost $ 57,510.81. 
FRANCIS GARDNER, Master; CALEB EMERY, Sub-Master. 
This School was instituted, in the language of our ancestors, "to the 
end that learning may not be buried in the graves of our forefathers in 
Church and Commonwealth." Its origin seems to have been in hostility 
to His Satanic Majesty ; — in the statute words, '• it being one chief proj- 
ect of Satan to keep men from the knowledge of the Scriptures, as in 
former times keeping them in unknown tongues, so in these latter times 
by persuading from the use of tongues, that so at last the true source and 
meaning of the original might be clouded and corrupted with false glosses 
of deceivers." So far as making thorough scholars is concerned, it has 
doubtless had its eflfect. From time immemorial it was located in School 
street. The old house was rebuilt in 1S12, and in the interim the School 
occupied "a building in Friend street, called the Spermaceti Works." 
This second house was demolished in 1844, the Horticultural Hall now oc- 
cupying its site, and the present edifice was erected. We have only room 
for a list of the masters since the School Committee was instituted, in 
1792, and from this date we give all the masters of the Grammar Schools. 
S. Hunt was in office at the close of the last century, and till 1305 ; S. C. 
Thatcher succeed him temporarily ; W. Bigelow, of Salem, was in office 
from 1805 to 1814 ; B. A. Gould, from 1814 To 1S28 ; F. P. Leverett, from 
1823 to 1831 ; C. K. Dillaway, from 1831 to 1836. E. S. Dixwell, 1836. 



PUBLIC SCHOOLS, 




ElilOT SCHOOL., NORTH BENNET STREET. 

Established 1713, Erected 1838, Cost $24,072. 

WM. H. SEAVEY, Master; S. W. MASON, Sub-Master. 

A public school was kept long before the date of the establishment of 
the Eliot. " Att a generall meeting upon publique notice, the 13th of ye 
2nd month, 1635, it was then generally agreed upon yt or brother Phile- 
mon Permont shal be intreated to become a scholemaster for the teaching 
& nourtering of children with us," — and on "the 10th of ye 11th mo. 
1644, It's ordered that Deare Hand shall be Improved for the maintenance 
of a Free Schoole for the Towne." Whether " Philemon" was the fore- 
fatiier of the Eliot school, and whether it flourished with the "seaven 
pounds per yeer," which James Penn and John Oliver paid for " Deare 
Hand," is not now to be determined. Certain it is, however, it was two 
different schools, one in "Love Lane," and one in "Robert Sandiman'a 
meeting-house." In 1792 a new house was built on the site of the present, 
and the lower room was " appointed to the writing and the upper to the 
reading school." This was the first union of two schools in one build- 
ing. Samuel Cheney and John Tileston, were the masters. It was de- 
demolished in 1837, and the present house was built, with repairs, altera- 
tions, and considerable additions in 1850. 

Pupils, 406 ; average 366. 



NORMAL SCHOOL. 




arORM^Ii ^]¥» MIOH SCBIOOi:., FOR OIRIiS. 

MASON STREET. 

Erected 18iS; Cost $20,000. LORING LOTHROP, Principal 

This building was formerly occupied by the Adams School, but in 1852 
it was taken for the purpose of a High School for Girls. The agitation of 
a higher course of studies for females than that afforded by our common 
public schools, was long in debate ; the party that advocated the idea 
finally prevailed after a long delay. The above building was fitted up 
and put under the care of an experienced teacher that has well developed 
the system of instruction. 

The experiment having been fully tried and succeeded beyond the 
most sanguine expectations of its friends, schools of a similar kind will 
no doubt spring up in various parts of the country. 
The number of pupils now in attendance is 
In the Senior Class, - - - 34 
" » Middle Class, ... 55 
" " Junior Class, - - - 91 



180 



PUBLIC SCHOOLS. 



FRANKLIN SCHOOIi, 

Washington Street. 
Established 1785, Erected 1845, Cost $18,394. 
S. L. GOULD, Master-, S. A. M. GUSHING, Principal 
Assistant. 
This, like the Elliot and Adams, was formerly two dis- 
tinct schools, — the South Writing and the South Eeading 
Schools. The former was located in Mason, and the lat- 
ter in Nassau Street. In 1819 the former was establish- 
ed at "Franklin Hall," over the Nassau Street School ; 
they were united as two departments of the same school, 
and were named the same year. In 1826 a new house 
was erected on Washington Street, the site of the present, 
after considerable difficulty in locating it, and the schools 
removed from Common street. It was injured by fire in 
1833. In the great fire of 1844, it was totally destroyed, 
and the present edifice was erected on the same spot, 
and on the plan of the Brimmer and Otis. Its Grammar 
Masters have been Elisha Ticknor, Samuel Payson, 
Foster Waterman, Asa Bullard, S. Payson, Ebenezer 
Bailey, William J. Adams, William Clough, R. G. Par 
ker, Barnum Field, who died on the — of May, and was 
succeeded by Mr. Gould, two weeks after. Its Writing 
Masters were John Vinal, Rufus Webb, Otis Pierce, and 
Nathan Merrill, who resigned in 1848. It was then 
placed on the single-headed plan, with two female assis- 
tants, with increased salaries, instead of a Sub-Master 
Master Webb was a noted and worthy man, with much 
"pride of office," and left a legacy to the school, to buy 
books for indigent pupils. It is a girls' school, with 561 
pupils, 431 average attendance. The old school, in Nas- 
sau street, was established in April, 1 785. 



MAYHEW SCHOOL. 




MAYHEW SCHOOL. HAWKINS STREET. 

Established 1802, Erected 1847, Cost $ 35,792:59. 
SAMUEL SWAN, Master; ROBERT SWAN, Sub-Master. 
In 1803 a number of citizens of West Boston petitioned for a new 
school, and a piece of land was bought for it of Mr. Lyman, at the comer 
of Chardon and Hawkins street, so " as at the same time to accommodate 
those who are near the centre of the town," and the old house was the re- 
sult, which was opened to accommodate the two schools in April of the 
same year, although considerable dissatisfaction at first existed as to its 
location. It was named for Rev. Jonathan May hew, in 1821. This is 
now a boys' school, as it was at first, and "Master Holt" will be remem- 
bered for a long day by very many men still living. It has, however, at 
some periods of its existence been a mixed school, and many mothers of 
its present pupils were its scholars. The first house is now standing, but 
was converted into a stable in 1847, and the present building was finished 
the same year. The Grammar Masters have been Cyrus Perkins, Hall J. 
Kelly, John Frost, R. G. Parker, William Clough, Moses W. Walker, W. 
D. Swan. Its Writing Masters were Benjamin Holt, Benjamin Callen- 
der, Aaron Davis Capen, and John D. Philbrick. At the organization of 
the Quincy School, Mr. Philbrick was transferred to that, and the May- 
hew was reorganized on the one-headed plan, as it is at present. Pupils, 
408, average attendance 330. 



PUBLIC SCHOOLS. 



HA WES SCHOOI., SOUTH BOSTON. 

EstdbUslied 1811, Erected 1823,^ Cost $5,889.29. 
SAMUEL BARRETT, Master; CHARLES A. MOR- 
RILL, Sub-Master. 
Previous to May, 1807, about three years after the 
annexation of South Boston — before a part of Dorches- 
ter — to the town, no school existed in the place, other 
than private. In this year a petition was circulated, and 
it appearing that the people paid $1,000 taxes, and yet 
had no public school privileges, the town voted $300 for 
the purpose of sustaining "a woman's school," on condi- 
tion that the appointment of teachers should be with the 
general School Committee. This was paid several years, 
but the Committee did not immediately take the school 
under their supervision. A house was built on some 
public land, where no street was laid out, at a cost of 
$400, and this remained as the School House of South 
Boston, until the present house was erected on land giv- 
en by Mr. John Hawes. The first house was built by a 
Mr. Everett, under the direction of Mr. Woodard, and 
some questions as to ownership arose in 1823. Its teach- 
ers were at first in part supported by subscription ; in 
1821, the teacher was "put on the same footing as the 
ushers," and in 1833, the Master was made equal to oth- 
ers. It was not known on the records, as the "Hawes," 
until 1827. It had but one male teacher, or master, until 
1835, when Mr. Harris was elected Writing Master. Its 
Masters previous were Z. Wood, L. Capen. B. Field, J. 
Lincoln, M. W. Walker, J. Harrington, Jr. Mr. H. be- 
came the Grammar Master, was succeeded by Mr. Crafts, 
and the school remained with two departments until Jan- 
uary, 1848. 



DWIGHT SCHOOL. 



DWIGHT SCHOOI., 

Concord Street. 
Established 1844, Erected 1845, Cost $30,000. 
G.B.HYDE, Master G. Scliool; J. A. PAGE, Master B. 
School. 
The School-House contains two large halls, "with two 
recitation rooms attached to each, and will seat 528 pu- 
pils. The school was first gathered as the New South 
School, in 1844, and until the present building was erect- 
ed, occupied the basement of the Suffolk Street Chapel. 
Mr. Hyde was the sole master of the school until 1850, 
when it was made into two distinct schools, like the En- 
dicott, Mr. H. retaining the girls, and Mr. Page, then 
Sub-Master, was elected Principal of the boys' school. A 
small Library of reference books was presented to the 
school by Hon. Edmund Dwight, the distinguished gen- 
tleman whose name it bears. Upon this subject of Libra- 
ries, we give the language of a Committee appointed in 
1847. " In most parts of the State, school libraries are 
established, and our noble Commonwealth, in its wise 
munificence and forecast, opens its treasury to encourage 
them. Our Board does nothing. We establish no libra- 
ry for master or pupil. We leave both to private liberal- 
ity and private charity. We claim not our rights of the 
State. We profess to be friends of the teacher, and yet 
leave him without a school library, and to sue in vain 
at the Public Library. Guardians of the purity of the 
children, and knowing the safeguard there is in a collec- 
tion of well-selected books, we leave the moral and intel- 
lectual welfare of our charge to the proverbial delicacy 
and taste of the circulating library." 



->' .ll'l'i^'l 












#iv 







BOWDOIN SCHOOL. 




SOWDOIX SCMOOJL, MXKTJLE STKEET. 
Established 1821, Erected 1848, Cost $44,980 14 
A. ANDREWS, Grammar Master; J. ROBINSON, Writing Master. 
This house contains one large hall in the third story, with two rooms 
for recitation, and another smaller apartment for the use of the Gram- 
mar Master ; two large rooms, connected by sliding doors, two recitation 
rooms, and one room for the Writing Master, in the second story ; two 
large rooms with a recitation room to each one on the first floor. The 
school is for girls only. The building is furnished with desks and chairs 
of the most approved style. It has 560 seats for pupils. The school, af- 
ter having been at the Masonic Temple nearly a year, took possession of 
the new building on Myrtle street, on the 15th of May, 1848. On this 
occasion addresses were made by Mayor Quincy, President Quincy, Pro- 
fessor Parsons, and Sampson Reed, and G. B. Emerson Esqs. It was 
first established in Derne street, on the site now occupied by the reservoir, 
and was taken down to make room for that structure, in June, 1847. 
Both sexes, for about ten years after its first establishment, attended its 
instruction. The fin'^t Masters were Warren Peirce, and John H. Belcher. 
Mr. Peirce died near the close of the first year, and was succeeded by Mr 
Andrews, in June, 1822, who was previously principal of a private school 
in Charlestown, Mr. Belcher was succeeded by Mr. Robinson. 



30 



PUBLIC SCHQOLS. 




«i:i«roi.isH iiicii scjaooi., bs:i>foki> street. 

Established 1S21, Erected 1844, Cost, see Latin. 
THOMAS SHERWIN, Master; LUTHER ROBINSON, Sub-Master. 
This school originated in the growing desire for extended means of 
thorough education, and was one of the latest and best fruits of the com- 
bined action of the citizens of the "old town " of Boston. Some of the 
latest " warned town meetings " were in reference to the establishment of 
this school, and it was finallj'- and heartily commenced in the year 1821, 
in the second story of the old Derne Street School-House, then newly 
erected. George Barrell Emerson, now of the School Board, was chosen 
its first Master, February 19, 1821. It continued in the Derne street 
house until a building was erected for it in Pinckney street, which it first 
occupied in February, 1824. The plan of the School has already been de- 
scribed in our introductory remarks, and it is only necessary to add, that 
its increased usefulness and popularity are only excelled by the pride our 
citizens take in it. It not only receives its proportion of Franklin Med- 
als, but in 1846 the Hon. Abbott Lawrence made it a donation of $2,000, 
the interest of which is annually distributed in prizes A like donation 
he also made to the Latin School. In 1844 it became necessary to build a 
new house for the Latin School, and a plan was projected of having the 
two schools in one building, and the High School was removed from 
Pinckney street to its present location. 



HANCOCK SCHOOL. 



i:^'^^ffl::J% 




HAXCOCK SCHOOL., RICHMOND PLACE. 

Established 1822, Erected 1847, Cost S 69,603.15. 

GEORGE ALLEN, Jr., Master; P. W. BARTLETT, Sub-Master. 

This school was first located in Middle street, now Hanover, and was 
opened in June, 1823, by an address from the Mayor. The old house still 
stands, and is converted into Primary School-rooms, and a Ward Room. 
It has, for several years, been a girls' school, and one of the first rank 
in the city. Its first Masters were Nathaniel K. G. Oliver, and Peter 
Mcintosh, Jr. The latter held office till his death, in 1843, and was a 
most estimable man, and a universal favorite with his pupils and associ- 
ates in office. At his decease the school was placed upon the single- 
headed plan, and Mr. Bartlett, usher in the Brimmer School, was elected 
Sub-Master in September. The old house was very incommodious, and 
under the exemplary zeal of James H. Barnes, Esq., after several years' 
effort, the present site was selected, a most elegant building erected, and 
on the 10th of April, 1848, it was dedicated with appropriate services. It 
is quite similar in construction to the " Quincy," four stories high, with 
a large hall in the highest story, that will seat six or seven hundred, and 
several separate rooms for assistant teachers on the lower floors. The 
house cost several thousand dollars more than any in the city, and is not 
surpassed in any respect. Its location is very good, between Princ» and 
Richmond streets. It has 466 pupils, average attendance 399. 



PUBLIC SCHOOLS. 



15VEt.I.S SCHOOI., 

McLean Street. 

Esiahlished, 1833. Erected, 1833. Cost $28,098.87. 

C. WALKER, Grammar Master; R. SWAN, Jr., 

Writing Master. 

This school was gathered on account of the crowded 
state of the neighboring schools, in December, 1833, 
under the present Grammar Master, who was previously 
Master of the Eliot School, and Benjamin Callender, 
Writing Master. The latter held office about six months, 
was succeeded by John Lothrop, who left the school in 
1836, and Mr. Swan, formerly of the Harvard School, 
Charlestown, was elected his successor. It was at first a 
school for both sexes, and so continued till the organiza- 
tion of the Otis, in 1845, when the boys were transferred 
to that and the Phillips, and the Wells became a girls' 
school, and so remains. It was named for the Hon. Charles 
Wells, fourth Mayor of the city, in the years 1832-3 3. 
During the year 1850 the house was considerably enlarged, 
an additional story placed upon the original structure, and 
the halls furnished with the latest conveniences and aids 
to teaching. Last returns show 413 pupils, with 364 aver- 
age attendance. The first medals were given in 1834, 
but the recipients are not on record. The district for 
this school embraces the whole of Ward Five, and within 
its limits there was, in 1848, no private school kept, ex- 
cept a small one by a female teacher ; and in the same 
limits there were but fourteen girls who attended any 
other school. 



JOHNSON SCHOOL. 



JOHNSON SCHOOL.. 

Tremont Street. 

Established 1836. Erected^ 1835. Cost $26,715.14. 

R. G.VA-KKER, Master N. School; J.HALE, 

Master S. School. 

This school, for girls only, was organized in September, 
1836, in consequence of the increasing -wants of the South 
end. It was at first opened as a " one-headed " school, 
and Mr. Parker, at that time Master of the Mayhew School, 
was elected Principal. A Writing Master, specially em- 
ployed, visited this and the Winthrop School on alternate 
days, the Masters teaching all else. This plan continued 
till 1841, when it was changed, and Mr. Joseph Hale, of 
the Phillips School, Salem, was chosen to the head of the 
Writing Department. It retained this form until Janu- 
ary, 1848, when the scholars were separated into twodis' 
tinct schools, Mr. Parker being Principal of the one, and 
Mr. Hale of the other, each with female assistants only. 
The School has a small library, presented by Amos Law 
rence, Esq. The name " Arbella" was prefixed at the 
request of the Hon. Samuel T. Armstrong, then Mayor, 
but it is known simply as the " Johnson " School. This 
was the third entire girls' school in the city, and the full 
attendance through the entire year shows how the habits 
of our citizens have changed since 1822, when the School 
Committee considered whether girls "might not be 
allowed " to attend school in the winter months ! Medals 
were first awarded to Misses E. M. Emmons, M. L. Crym- 
ble, M. H. Ireland, E. W. Keith, S. L. Stinson, A. C 
^/heever. 

30* 



PUBLIC SCHOOLS. 




BOYL.STOX SCHOOL., FORT HILL. 

Established 1819, Erected 1818, Cost $ 13,343.73, 
CHARLES KIMBALL, Master; W. S. ADAMS, Sub-Master. 
The Boylston School was named by vote of the town, — the first in the 
city, — at the time it was gathered. The present building in Washington 
Place, Fort Hill, was finished in 1819, and the schools took possession of 
it on the 20th of April, under John Stickney, Master of the Reading 
School, and Ebenezer E. Finch, of the Writing School. For two or three 
years a " Monitorial School," under Mr. William B. Fowle, was kept in 
the building, with what success we are not aware, but in 1822 he resigned 
his office, and the school was discontinued. Charles Fox succeeded Mr. 
Stickney, and was succeeded in 1844 by Thomas Baker, then usher in the 
Mayhew, who resigned in 1849, and was succeeded by Mr. Dore. Fred- 
erick Emerson, Esq., now of the School Committee, followed Mr. Finch, 
and when the Writing Master's office was abolished, in 1830, he left the ser- 
vice ; and on its restoration, in 1833, Abel Wheeler, the usher in the school, 
was elected Writing Master, succeeded by Aaron B. Hoyt, and he by 
Mr. Kimball, in 1840. The institution of this school was the occasion of 
uniting the two departments into one school, throughout the city, and the 
house was then thought to be without a parallel, although in 1848 it waa | 
by far the poorest house in the city, and in 1849 was completely remod- . 
elled. It is very finely located on Washington Place, opposite the Square. 



PTOLtC SCHOOLS. 




IlVOR^a^]!!! SCSOOK., SHEAFE SXKEET. 
For 3 Schools, Erected 1848, Cost ^12,425.70 

This house was dedicated Monday, March 27, 1848. Joseph W. Ingra- 
ham, Esq., under whose direction the plans for the building were pre- 
pared, presided, made an address, and was followed by Hon. Horace Mann, 
and others. Mr. Billings was the architect, and Dr. H. G. Clark, and F. 
Emerson, Esq., arranged its ventilating apparatus, which is very superior. 
The house is 53 feet in length, 25 in width, containing three principal 
apartments for the schools, with recitation rooms, closets, and other mi- 
nor apartments. It is fitted up with all the modern improvements and 
appliances. 

Mr. Ingraham died on the 28th of August in the 48th year of his age, 
much lamented. He was most zealously interested in the cause of educa- 
tion, an early, and the senior member of the Primary School Board, and 
was recently appointed a member of the Board of Education. He was an 
estimable man, with the noblest and purest impulses, guided by a profound 
sense of the great truths of Christianity, His funeral took place at Christ 
Church in Salem street. The house was crowded with the friends of the 
deceased, among whom were the members of the School Committees, the 
Primary School Teachers, officers of the city, distinguished friends of 
Education, and a large number of children. In honor of his memory this 
school house was named by the Board, the " Ingraham Primary School.' 




STATE KOBMAL SCIIOOI,, SALEM. 



LYMAN SCHOOL. 




liYMAN SCHOOIi, EAST BOSTOX. 

Established 1837, Erected 1846, Cost $ 13,596.27. 
HOSEA H. LINCOLN, Master of Boys' School. 

This school was first gathered with forty pupils, kept in a chapel, and 
was named for the Hon. Theodore Lyman, fifth Mayor of the city in 
1834-35. A handsome Library was presented to the school by this gentle- 
man, in 1847. The original house was built in 1837, and was destroyed 
by fire in January, 1846. The present building was erected the same year, 
upon the same site, on the plan of the Brimmer, and will seat 388 pupils 
in the main rooms. Four rooms on the lowest floor are also occupied, 
each seating 52 pupils, and three rooms in an adjoining building. Albert 
Bowker, previously usher in the Eliot School, was the only Master, from 
the time of its establishment, till his resignation, in December, 1845. In 
March, 1846, Mr. Lincoln, then usher in the Brimmer School, was elected 
his successor. The school was then reorganized; from a mixed school, it 
was changed to separate schools for each sex. Mr. Lincoln took charge 
of the boys' school, and Mr. Ordway, usher in the school, took charge of 
the girls' school. He was subsequently elected Master. The schools be- 
gan to be in a very crowded state in 1847, and in 1848 incipient steps were 
taken to accommodate the surplus scholars, which finally resulted in the 
formation of the Chapman School. 



PHILLIPS SCHOOL. 




PHIIitilPS SCHOOL, PINCKNEY STREET. 

EstablishedlS'iA. Erected 182S-25, Cos« $24,484.03. 
J, HOVEY, Grammar Master; A. GATES, Sub Master. 
This house was first erected for the use of a Grammar School, and 
named the " Bowdoin School." Previous to its occupancy, the name was 
transferred to the old Derne Stjreet School, and the building was devoted 
solely to the purposes of the English High School ; but upon the removal 
of this last to the new house in Bedford street, the building, at a cost of 
$2,945,59, was refitted for a Grammar School, required by the growing 
population of the West End, and named in honor of the Hon. John Phil- 
lips, the first Mayor of Boston, in 1822. Samuel S. Greene was the first 
Grammar Master, and at his resignation in 1849, was succeeded by the 
present incumbent. Mr. Swan has been connected with the School from 
the commencement. The School assembled in November, 1844, and on the 
first of the neit February, the building was materially damaged by a fire, 
which took from the hot air flues of the furnace. The repairs cost $1,005. 
and some alterations were recommended by the last annual examining 
committee, "which would greatly benefit both the masters and the pu- 
pils." The school is for boys only, of whom 386 were reported in the last 
semi-annual returns, with an average attendance of 321. The location of 
the district from which the school is gathered, is one of the most favorable 
in the city, as its pupils generally come from the first class families. 
While this fact is beneficial in many respects, it almost necessarily keeps 
the school " young," as its pupils are early transferred to higher schools. 



MATHEE SCHOOL, 



MATHER SCHOOI., 

Broadway, South Boston. 
Estdblklied 1842, Erected 1842, Cost $21,315.80. 

J. A. STEARNS, Grammar Master; ASA WEEKS, 
Sub-Master. 
The Mather School was first gathered in 1840, under 
Mr. Battles and female assistants, as a branch of the 
Hawes, and occupied Franklin Hall until their fine house 
was built. The school was named in 1842, in memory 
of the celebrated Mather family, and was removed to the 
edifice erected for it in March of the same year. An ex- 
hibition of the pupils in declamation, and other exercises, 
occurred on the occasion. Alvan Simonds, Esq., now of 
the Common Council, was then, and for several years af- 
ter. Chairman of the school, and to his energetic and 
faithful labors does the school owe much of its superior 
privileges and character. It continued under the charge 
of Mr. Battles, previously in the Hawes School, and I. F. 
Shepard, previously in the Endicott, ushers, till August, 
1843, when it was fully organized, and Josiah A. Stearns, 
usher, in the Adams School, was elected Grammar Mas- 
ter, and Mr. B. Writing Master. A Library of 1,000 
volumes is connected with the school, for which it is chief- 
ly indebted to the liberality of Amos Lawrence, Esq., who 
made a similar gift to the Johnson School. A nucleus 
for it existed, however, from the origin of the school, as a 
part of the results of a " moral association," originated, it 
is believed, by Mr. Harrington, while at the Hawes 
School. A similar association exists in the Mather, called 
the Lawrence Association. 



PUBLIC SCHOOLS. 




BRIMMER SCHOOIi, COMMON STRSGT. 

Established 1843, Erected 1843, Cosf $22,151.21. 
J. BATES, Grammar Master; DANIEL C. BROWN, Sub-Master. 
The Brimmer School for boys was established in 1843, to accommodate 
the surplus in the Adams, the Winthrop, and the Franklin Schools. The 
Franklin had previously been a mixed School, but on the establishment of 
the Brimmer, it became a girls' school, and its male pupils were all trans- 
ferred to this last ; thus it commenced with full numbers and advanced 
pupils. The house was first occupied in December. Dedication services 
were held on the occasion, and addresses were made by several distin- 
guished gentlemen. Mr. Bates, the Grammar Master, was elected from 
the Winthrop School, Charlestown, of which he had been Principal sev- 
eral years. Mr. Shepard was previously usher in the English High School. 
The school was named in compliment to the late Hon. Martin Brimmer, 
the ninth Mayor of the city, in 1843-44, and a liberal friend to public 
schools. This house is well situated on the site of the old Franklin School, 
and built on the same model with the Otis. The school has had a very 
high rank, from the time of its establishment. It lias a library of about 
two hundred volumes, and they are used with much benefit. The whole 
number of pupils last returned was 341 ; average attendance 301. The 
first medals were awarded in 1845, to G. F. Stoddard, C. H. Hovey, F. A. 
Tuttle, I. J. Harwood, H. W. Barrey, and F. Smith. 



PRIMARY SCHOOL. 




PRIMARY SCHOOLS. 

Established 1818, Expenses $5,000. 
The Primary Schools were originally but twelve in number, and with 
few conveniences provided by the city. For several years the teachers 
hired their own rooms, furnished them, and of course were subjected to 
m.any and great evils. Even the $ 5,000 that these schools cost was loud- 
ly talked of as a great expense, and it was not until 1833 that the city 
owned rooms where the schools were located. Now 197 schools are kept in 
city buildings ; some of them in the basements of Grammar School- 
Houses, and some in houses erected expressly for them. Three of these 
were built in 1847, and a view of one in Tremont street is given above. 
Another follows on the next page, and they have been erected with special 
regard to the comfort and convenience of teachers and pupils, while atten- 
tion has been paid to neatness and architectural accuracy. The prosperity 
of the Primary Schools ia the surest indication of the deep interest taken 
by the people in popular education. In 1820 there were only 1,381 pupils 
in them, while now there are 11,783. The scholars have increased at the 
rate of 230 per cent., while the population has increased only 130 per cent. 



31 



PUBLIC SCHOOLS. 




aUlNCY SCHOOL., TYLER STREET. 

Established 1S47, Erected 1847, Cos< $60,210.18. 
CHAS. E. VALENTINE, Master; B. W. PUTNA|M, Sub-Master. 
This school-house contains most of the modern improvements, fcr 
many of which it is indebted to the indefatigable exertions of James H. 
Barnes, Esq., a member of the School Board, and Chairman of the Com- 
mittee on the "Erection and Alteration of School Houses." It is four 
stories high, and contains twelve school rooms, each of which accomo- 
dates 56 scholars, and a hall furnished with settees, which will seat 700 
pupils. It has also six small recitation rooms. Its greatest improvements 
consist in having a separate room for each teacher, and a separate desk 
for each scholar. It was dedicated on the 26th of June, 1848. Addresses 
were made by Mayor Quincy, who presided, Dr. T. M. Brewer, Chairman 
of the Sub-Committee, the venerable Ex-President Quincy, second Mayor 
of the city, from 1823-28, for whom it was named, Rev. Mr. Waterston, 
and the Principal, who announced the fact that the liberal donation of 
$ 200 had been made to the school for the purpose of procuring a Library 
for the pupils. For some remarks upon the library facilities of the 
schools, the reader is referred to the notice of the Dwight School. Previ- 
ously to his transfer to this school, Mr. Philbrick had been one year 
usher in the English High School, and two years Writing Master of the 
Mayhew School. 



PUBLIC SCHOOLS. 233 

Thk foregoing sketches of the individual schools, — as full as the space 
allotted would allow, — it is believed are quite accurate, and but little of 
note is to be added We have said that the establishment of a public 
school is to be traced as far back as 1635, only five years after Winthrop 
"sat down in a goodlie place." It was then that Philemon Permont be- 
came "schole master," and he probably followed that vocation until 1639, 
when he " was dismissed to join Mr. Wheelwright and others at Piscata- 
que." His school was free, although supported by subscription, according 
as each man felt disposed to give. Daniel Maude was chosen to the same 
office in 1636, and probably kept a distinct school, as Winthrop tells us in 
his Journal, nine years subsequent, that "divers free schools " were creat- 
ed. Maude was a minister, and removed to Dover, N. H. The names of 
Woodbridge, Woodmansey, and Benjamin Thompson, — a very learned 
man and a poet, — occur soon after. Ezekiel Cheever came next, and is 
well regarded as the Father of American Pedagogues, since he was not on- 
ly famous for his labors in other settlements, but elevated the character of 
the Boston School, till it was regarded as the " principal school " in the 
land. With the law of 1647, before referred to, the Latin School had its ori- 
gin, and has been continued ever since. The first distinct Writing School 
was kept by John Cole, in 16S4. In 1713 Captain Thomas Hutchinson built 
a school-house at his own expense, known as the North Latin School, and 
Recompence Wordsworth was the Master. A house on Love Lane, here- 
after referred to, was built by the same family in 1718, for a Writing 
School, and kept by Jeremiah Condy. A Writing School in Mason street 
was opened the year before, under Amos Angler. These were the only 
schools previous to the Revolution, when they were all interrupted, and 
there was but one school during the siege of Boston, and that kept gratu- 
itously by Mr. Elias Dupee. In November of 1776, they were, however, 
all resumed, under the care of the Selectmen. The first provision for the 
support of these schools, we have already said, was by voluntary contribu 
tion. The oldest volume of town records shows a subscription list for this 
purpose, headed by Sir Henry Vane, — the Puritan Hero, — who gave 
£ 10, in company with Gov. Winthrop and Richard Bellingham. This 
method of raising money was not sufficiently permanent, and in 1641 
the town voted to apply the rent money from " Dere Hand " to support 
schools. Other public income was soon after applied, and for two centu- 
ries our city has not been without schools supported from the public treas- 
ury. Doubtless they have acted upon each other with reflex influence ; 
furnishing a forcible commentary upon the sacred precept, — "There is 
that giveih and yet increaseth ; there is that withholdeth more than is 
meet, and it tendeth to poverty." 

The changes, great as they are, that have occurred in our school system, 
are marked by peculiar eras. Previous to the year 1789, boys only were 
taught in the public schools, of which six were in existence. Thirty-one 



234 PUBLIC SCHOOLS. 

years before this, in May, 1758, there were only five schools, and the whole 
number of pupils at Ihera was only 841. The number now belonging to 
the public schools of the city, is shown by the actual returns to be no 
less than the vast multitude of 21,870! In the year mentioned, 1758, an 
examination was held, by the Selectmen appointed for the purpose, which 
must have been a great affair, and conducted with becoming dignity, 
judging from the record of their Report. They took with them " the 
Hon. John Osbom, Richard Bill, Jacob "Wendell, Andrew Oliver, Steplien 
Sewall, John Erving, Robert Hooper, Esquires, the gentlemen Representa- 
tives of the town, the gentlemen Overseers of the Poor, the Rev. Minis- 
ters of the town, Mr. Treasury Gray, Joshua Winslow, Richard Dana, 
James Boulineau, Stephen Greenleaf, Esquires, Dr. William Clarke, and 
Mr. John Buddock " ; — and yet, with all this great array of Royal Hon- 
orables, Esquires, Gentlemen, Overseers, Reverends, Doctors, and Plain 
Misters, the Educational Committee give the result of their labors by 
simply telling us that they "found in the South Grammar School 115 
scholars ; in the South Writing School 240 ; in the Writing School in 
Queene Street 230 ; in the North Grammar School 336 ; in the North 
Writing School 220 ; all in very good order ! " A capital Report that, 
and a lucid idea it gives us of the state of instruction a hundred years 
ago! Perhaps "good order" did not mean in those days what it does 
now ; but if so, it can hardly be wondered at that the little fellows were 
still, and fixed to their seats, at seeing some thirty pairs of knee-buckles, 
breeches, and long hose come parading into the school- houses, "all in a 
row, with their ruffled wristbands, cocked hats, powdered wigs, and spec- 
tacles, to say nothing of parsons' gowns and doctors' saddle-bags." Veri- 
ly, it must have been a rare sight to look at ! 

In those days the extent of instruction was in the branches of Reading, 
Writing, and Arithmetic, if we except Latin, which was taught in two 
schools, one in School Street, and one nearly upon the spot now occupied 
by the Eliot School in Bennet Street. But in the year 1789, the people 
waked up to the necessity of improvement, and measures were taken in 
town meeting, " for instructing both sexes, and reforming the present sys- 
tem." It was determined that there should be one school only, in which 
the rutjiments of the Latin and Greek Languages should be taught, and 
that there should be one Writing and one Reading School at the South, at 
the Centre, and at the North parts of the town ; that in the Writing 
Schools children of both sexes should be taught Writing, and also Arith- 
metic in the various branches usually taught in the town schools, includ- 
ing vulgar and decimal fractions : that in the Reading Schools, " the chil- 
dren of both sexes be taught to Spell, Accent, and Read both prose and 
verse, and also be instructed in English Grammar and Composition." 

This, with the appointment of a School Committee, was the first ap- 
proach to any thing like a system, and yet three years after, at the first 



PUBLIC SCHOOLS. 235 

meeting of the School Committee, opposition to the improvements was to 
be met, and violent prejudices combatted. A petition to the town was 
referred to the Committee, and tlie School Masters were invited to meet 
the petitioners, who were represented by Mr. Sweetser, and others. The 
Masters accordingly attended the Committee, — a general conversation 
ensued on the subject of the petition, Mr. Sweetser and Deacon Bailey 
stated their objections to the present system, which they thought par- 
ticularly injurious to the lads destined to business, which required a read- 
iness in Arithmetic ; they wished that such lads might spend the whole 
of their last year in Writing and Arithmetic, instead of dividing the 
time between those objects and reading. The Masters were severally 
questioned on the advantage of the existing plan of education, and unani- 
mously gave their opinion in favor of it, — explained their mode of teach- 
ing, — and the Writing Masters were fully of opinion that the boys made 
as great proficiency in Writing and Arithmetic, as under the old mode, 
and that the time devoted to Arithmetic was fully sufficient to qualify any 
youth for the common business of a counting-house. Upon the whole, it 
appeared that the reformed system had produced the great advantage of 
giving education to a great number of females, without depriving the boys 
of their share of the Master's attention. 

Thus was the system established, and the school-house in Pleasant 
Street, occupied by Mr. Ticknor, became the South Reading School ; and 
the school-house in West Street, occupied by Mr. Vinal, the South Writ- 
ing School ; a building was hired for the Centre Reading School, and the 
school-house in Tremont Street, occupied by Mr. Carter, became the Cen- 
tre Writing School ; the building in Middle Street, occupied by Mr. Che- 
ney, was retained as the North Reading School ; and the school-house in 
Love Lane, at which Mr. Tileston taught, was continued as the North 
Writing School. The North Latin School, contiguous to the last, was 
given up, and the school-house in School Street, occupied by Mr. Hunt, 
became the School for instruction in the Latin and Greek Languages. The 
location of these houses is by no means an uninteresting matter. Mr. 
Ticknor's was nearly on the spot where the Brimmer now stands, in Com- 
mon Street ; Mr. Vinal's was near where the Adams now is ; Mr. Carter's 
was a wooden continuation of Scollay's building, which nearly reached 
across the street, to Rev. S. K. Lothrop's house ; Mr. Cheney's in Middle 
Street, now Hanover, opened where Parkman place now is, and "Love 
Lane " has since taken old Father Tileston's name ; the old North Latin 
School stood where the Eliot now is, and on its discontinuance the last 
two houses, almost contiguous, were united. Mr. Hunt's School was on 
the site of the Horticultural Hall ; and the room for the Centre Reading 
School wag in an old wooden building that stood nearly opposite the latter, 
in the present yard of the City Hall. 

A good story is told of the Boston boya who attended the School that 



31* 



236 PUBLIC SCHOOLS. 

was kept in West street, during the Revolution. In November, 1776, the 
General Court ordered four brass cannon to be purchased for the use of the 
artillery companies in Boston. Two of these guns were kept in a gun- 
house that stood opposite the Mall, at the corner of West street. The 
school-house was the next building, and a yard inclosed with a high fence 
was common to both. Major Paddock, who then commanded the com- 
pany, having been heard to express his intention of surrendering these 
guns to the British army, a few individuals resolved to secure for the 
country a property which belonged to it, and which, in the emergency of 
the times, had an importance very disproportionate to its intrinsic value. 

Having concerted their plan, the party passed through the school-house 
into the gun-house, and were able to open the doors which were upon the 
yard, by a small crevice, through which they raised the bar that secured 
them. The moment for the execution of the project was that of the roll- 
call, when the sentinel, who was stationed at one door of the building, 
would be less likely to hear their operations. 

The guns were taken off their carriages, carried into the school-room, 
and placed in a large box under the master's desk, in which wood was kept. 
Immediately after the roll-call, a lieutenant and sergeant came into the 
gun-house to look at the cannon, previously to removing them. A young 
man who had assisted in their removal, remained by the building, and fol- 
lowed the officer in, as an innocent spectator. When the carriages were 
found without the guns, the sergeant exclaimed, " By G — , they 're gone! 
I '11 be d— — — d if these fellows won't steal the teeth out of your head, 
while you 're keeping guard." They then began to search the building for 
them, and afterwards the yard ; and when they came to the gate that 
opened into the street, the officers observed that they could not have 
passed that way, because a cobweb across the opening was not broken. 
They next went into the school-house, which they examined all over, ex- 
cept the box, on which the master placed his foot, which was lame ; and 
the officer, with true courtesy, on that account excused him from rising. 
Several boys were present, but not one lisped a word. The British officers 
soon went back to the gun-house, and gave up the pursuit in vexation. 
The guns remained in that box for a fortnight, and many of the boys were 
acquainted with the fact, but not one of them betrayed the secret. At the 
end of that time, the person who had withdrawn them, came in the even- 
ing with a large trunk on a wheelbarrow ; the guns were put into it and 
carried up to a blacksmith's shop at the South end, and there deposited 
under the coal. After lying there for a while, they were put into a boat in 
the night, and safely transported within the American lines. 

In locating a Reading and a Writing School in each section of the town, 
the Committee had done something towards meeting the wants of the peo- 
ple, it being quite natural that the children would attend the school near- 
est their places of residence. But no local limits were assigned to the sev- 



PUBLIC SCHOOLS. 237 

eral schools, discontents and preferences grew up, and many pupils were 
to be found in all the schools, who came from the most remote parts of the 
town. North end children went to the South end Schools, the South end 
to the North, both to the Centre, and the Centre children wandered off to 
each of the other sections, according as they liked masters, while children 
living in the immediate vicinity of a school were often excluded there- 
from, or subjected to great inconvenience in their attendarice. Further 
than this, the schools were, in a great degree, distinct from each other, 
each of the Writing Schools being composed of children from the several 
Reading Schools, and each of the Reading Schools was made up of chil- 
dren from the various Writing Schools. In many instances children at- 
tended the Reading Schools without going to a Writing School, and vice 
versa. This brought about great inequality as to numbers, some masters 
having more than four hundred pupils, while others never counted two ; 
and the attendance often varied from 100 to 260. 

The evil consequent upon so much looseness of arrangement became so 
great, that in 1819, when the Boylston School was established, Peter O. 
Thatcher, Benjamin Russell, and Samuel Dorr, were appointed a Commit- 
tee upon districting the town and further systematizing the schools. 
These gentlemen, all now deceased, entered upon the work, and originated 
what has ever since, with slight variation, been our school system. They 
reported that it would " improve the order of the schools if each should bft 
considered as consisting of two divisions; one for Writing and Arithme- [ 
tic, and the other for Reading, and the other branches of an English edu- 
cation ; that when a child entered one of these divisions he should be con- 
sidered a member of, and be required to attend upon, the other ; that the 
masters of both should have a concurrent jurisdiction over all the pupils 
in respect to discipline and instruction, — both divisions being accommo- 
dated with separate rooms in the same building." This plan was pleasing 
to the Committee, and the erection of the Boylston school-house, and the 
creation of a new Writing School in Franklin Hall, over the Reading 
School in Nassau street, made it so convenient to adopt it, that it was com- 
menced, and has so continued until the present day, with such variations 
as have been noted under the different schools. It was by this Committee, 
and at the same time, that the " Franklin " School was named, and Mr. 
Webb of the Centre was transferred to the new Writing School, who la- 
bored in conjunction with Mr. Payson of the Reading School. Mr. Snell- 
ing's Writing School in the Latin School-House, School street, was discon- 
tinued, and he took Mr. Webb's place in Mason street, where Mr Haskell 
was Master of the Grammar School. The West Schools, under Messrs. 
Perkins and Holt, in Hawkins street, became one, as well as the North 
schools in Bennet street, under Messrs. Crosby and Tileston, and Masters 
were elected to the Boylston Schools, on Fort Hill, thus making five 
schools, each with two departments and two masters. 



31** 



238 PDBLIC SCHOOLS. 

The eyslem worked well, with only such accidental frictions as are con- 
sequent upon all similar arrangements, and for twenty years brought about 
good results. In 1830, however, strong efforts were made for "reform" 
and change, and with partial success ; but very much of bitter feeling and 
strong partisan prejudice was excited among members of the Committee. 
The changes, such as they were, did not work well, however, from what- 
ever cause, and in a few years the schools were all again organized upon 
the plan of 1819, and so continued till the memorable " campaigns " of 
1846-47, following in the blaze of the battle between the " Thirty-One," 
and the Honorable Secretory of the Board of Education. Changes again 
occurred, noted under the respective schools, and whatever practical good 
or evil may result from either old or new plans, it is no doubt true, that so 
much harmony of feeling, sonfidence, and good will between committees 
and teachers, and esprit du corps among the teachers themselveS; never 
existed as at the present time. 

The establishment of the boy's High School in 1821, was another pro- 
gressive step in popular education, and its complete success not only sat- 
is.fied the most sanguine expectations of its friends and promoters, but at 
leTigth gave an impulse to a similar provision for the girls of the city. 
The Rev. John Pierpont, for many years a most active member of the 
School Board, took a lively interest in this matter, and in 1825 the project 
was carried into operation. An appropriation was made for it by the City 
Council, it was located in an upper room of the Derne Street school-house, 
under the charge of that accomplished teacher, the late Ebenezer Bailey, 
Esq., — but it did not meet with that warm sympathy and determined 
zeal necessary to overcome all the impediments in the way of its complete 
success, and after two or three years it was finally abandoned. 

The Institution of the Franklin Medals took place in the year 1792, and 
have sifiCe been one of the most interesting, and we sincerely believe, useful 
features in the schools. These are of silver, six in number, presented on 
the day of the annual exhibition, to the most deserving pupils, — " gen- 
eral scholarship taken into consideration," — in each of the respective 
boys' schools, that is full or nearly full. They originated from the follow- 
ing clause of the will of Dr. Franklin, who died April 17, 1790 : — 

" I was bom in Boston, New England, and owe my first instructions in 
literature to the free grammar schools established there. I therefore give 
one hundred pounds sterling to my executors, to be by them, the survi > oia 
or survivor of them, paid over to the managers or directors of the free 
schools in my native town of Boston, to be by them, or those person or 
persons, who shall have the superintendence and management of the said 
schools, put out to interest, and so continued at interest for ever, which in- 
terest annually shall be laid out in silver medals, and given as honorary 
rewards annually by the directors of the said free schools, for the encour- 
agement of scholarship in the said schools belonging to the said town, in 



PUBLIC SCHOOLS. 



239 



suiih manner as to the discretion of the selectmen of the said town shall 
seem meet." 

This donation has been successfully applied. The fund now (1848) 
amounts to $1,000, which is invested in five per cent, city stock. The 
interest is annually appropriated for purchasing medals, which are distrib- 
uted in the schools. 

A little more than two years after Franklin's decease, this gift became 
available, and a Committee, consisting of William Tudor, Esq., Rev. Mr. 
Clarke, and Mr. Charles Bulfinch, was appointed "to ascertain the ex- 
pense of procuring medals to carry into effect the intention of the late Dr. 
Franklin, in his donation." The Committee reported in the matter, 
awarding twenty-one medals, — three to the Latin, three to each of the 
Grammar, and three to each of the Writing Schools. That report has 
been the basis of apportionment from that time to this, although the fund 
amounts to but S 1,000 vested in five per cent, city stock, yielding only 
$50 per annum, while the cost of the 68 Franklin Medals for 1848, 
amounts to $136, — thus leaving more than one half the "Franklin" 
Medals to be paid for out of the city treasury. We have thought it worth 
while to have a fac-simile of the original Medal engraved, from the draw- 
ing on record. On one side is an open book, surmounted by two pens 
crossed, encircled by the words "The Gift of Franklin." In June, 1795, 
it was determined that the device on those designed for the Latin Gram- 
mar School should be a "pile of books, the words — Detur digniori — 
inscribed on the same side." 




The old dies have been worn out, and renewed two or three times, and 
the appearance of the Medals somewhat changed. William Savage, one of 
the original recipients, lost his, it having been stolen from his house, and 
he petitioned to the city for a new one in 1820, which was readily granted. 

On the reverse of the original Medal, were the words found in the fac- 
simile. 



31** 



240 PUBLIC SCHOOLS. 

The inscription on the reverse of tlie Latin Medals differed slightly 
from the others. It ran "Franklin's Donation adjudged by the School 
Committee of the town of Boston, to A. B." 

We have inserted the name of Dr. Warren, because it stands as the very 
first on the record, he being then a pupil of the Latin School. We know 
not how the venerable man regards this distinction among other honors of 
his brilliant and successful career, but we have heard it said that the Hon. 
James Savage has, not very remotely, remarked, that " he looked upon the 
day he took a Franklin Medal as the proudest of his life." The Boston 
Almanac for the year 1849, from which these materials are taken, contains 
the names of the first Medal Scholars in each school. 

Through some means, — certainly not by the authority of the phraseol- 
ogy in the will, — the custom has been perpetuated of giving these med- 
als to boys only. When Franklin went to the schools, to be sure, only 
boys attended upon them ; but this makes no law against bestowing his 
medals upon female pupils. To remedy this inconsistency, the School 
Committee, in 1821, voted to give an equal number to the girls, calling 
them "City Medals." In the progress of educational discussion, how- 
ever, strong ground has been taken against all such motives to emulation, 
and by some of our most judicious educators, — although we think mis- 
takenly, — and in 1847 they were refused to the girls, the boys receiving 
them only because no power existed to annul Franklin's will. In 1848, 
however, a reaction took place, mainly through the commendable zeal of 
Mr. Joseph M. Wightman, and the City Medals have been restored, and 
it is hoped may be continued. In addition to the medals to the first class, 
six handsome diplomas of merit are now awarded to each of the three 
lower classes in all the schools, — so far as it is known, with happy and 
healthful influences. 

Specific names to the schools did not exist previous to the year 1821, if 
we except the Franklin and the Boylston. It was ordered in 1819, " that 
the School now located in Nassau street, take the name of ' Franklin,' in 
honor of the benefactor of the Schools," and the Schools on Fort Hill 
were known as the "Boylston Schools" from their commencement in 
1818. The others were known by the localities, till the year above men- 
tioned, 1821, when a Committee, appointed for the express purpose, 
reported that " the propriety and expediency of giving specific names 
cannot be doubted," and recommended that thereafter the school in Ben- 
net street be called the "Eliot," — that in Hawkins street, the "May- 
hew," — that in Mason street, the "Adams," — the "Franklin" and 
" Boylston " be so continued, — and that in School street be named the 
" Latin " School. The other Schools have been named as they were insti- 
tuted, a custom having obtained of taking the names of the Mayors as far 
they will go. The names of Mr. Davis and Mr. Armstrong, are the only 
ones of the Mayors not so honored, — but doubtless they will yet be. 



PUBLIC SCHOOLS. 241 



The vast progi'eas that has been made in the system of instruction, and 
the character of the schools, has been fully equalled in the improvement of 
the school-houses. To those who remember the small rooms, the incon- 
venient forms, and the torturing benches of the old schools, the present 
noble buildings, and spacious, convenient, and finely-furnished rooms are 
a perfect luxury. But the greatest of all the improvements in this partic- 
ular, have reference to ventilation. This is a new feature in their excel- 
lence, added within the last two years, — and probably there are not twen- 
ty public buildings in the world that can equal them in this respect. For- 
merly the rooms in these school-houses, like most other school-rooms 
throughout the country, were warmed in winter by close stoves, without 
any means of ingress or egress of air, except through the doors or windows, 
and the same air with which the school started in the morning, was liable 
to remain in the school-room till night, circulating only through the lungs 
of the scholars, and over the surface of the hot iron stove. The well- 
known school- house odor was perceptible to a visitant before he crossed 
the threshold of the outer doors. These evils are now completely reme- 
died in Boston, and the public school-rooms, both in winter and summer, 
I are now at Eill times supplied with a wholesome atmosphere of an agree- 
able temperature. 

The mode of ventilation adopted for the winter season, consists, first, in 
admitting a large quantity of moderately warmed air into the room, either 
through a furnace, or through a stove constructed on the principle of a fur- 
nace ; and, secondly, in discharging an equal quantity of air from the 
room through ventilators. The warmed air is introduced at one extremity 
of the room, and the place of discharge of air is at the opposite extremity. 
Hence all the air admitted into the room passes over the whole area, and 
escapes after it has been used in the respiration of the scholars. The 
ventiducts that take off the foul air extend from the flooring of the room 
through the ceiling, and through the roof of the building, where they are 
surmounted by ventilators. In each ventiduct there are two apertures to 
receive the air from the room, one at the flooring, and one at the ceiling. 

The improvement to our schools, both moral and physical, consequent 
on their ventilation, can hardly be too highly appreciated, and it is but 
just that, in this connection, credit should be bestowed upon those to 
whom we are indebted for it. Mr. Combe, in one of his lectures in this 
city, about the year 1843, urged this subject upon his hearers, and a writer 
in the " Teacher of Health " took his text from him, and urged some 
pointed facts. This article attracted the attention of a member of the 
School Committee, Mr. F. Emerson, who caused it to be printed and cir- 
culated in some public rooms, especially badly ventilated, and some im- 
provements ensued. From that time increased attention has been given 
to the subject ; Mr. Emerson has invented and perfected an improved ven- 
tilator, whose utility is only surpassed by its extreme simplicity. Its pe- 



242 PUBLIC SCHOOLS. 

culiar top may be seen extending from the roof of the Mayhew School, as 
well as several others in the engravings. It was not till the year 1847, 
that appropriations were made by the City Council, to ventilate the school- 
rooms, and to the scientific and efficient services of Dr. Henry G. Clark of 
the School Committee are we mainly obligated for the successful issue of 
this vast improvement. Dr. Clark's reports, and records of experiments, 
are documents of infinite value, and the health and comfort of thousands 
of children, in all coming time, will be largely indebted to his philanthro- 
py, together with that of the other gentlemen who have cooperated with 
him. 

It remains to notice but one new feature in our educational system, and 
that is the election of a superintendent of all the Public Schools in the 
City, The creation of such an office began to be urged as important 
about eight years since, and was warmly discussed, meeting as strong op- 
position as any measure ever proposed. It is not necessary here to de- 
tail any of the arguments upon either side, which were frequently brought 
forward both in the Board of School Committee and the Common Council, 
imtil the Committee of 1851 formally voted that such an office would be 
advantageous to the scholars, and applied to the Council for an appropria- 
tion of $ 2,500 for the salary of such an officer. 

Recapitulation. — Masters 24; Sub-Masters 14 ; Ushers 14; Assistanta 
166 ; Pupils 10,629 in Grammar School ; English High School 155 ; Lat- 
in School 198 J total, 11,124 j Deer Island 121 ; House of Reformation 211 ; 
Girls High School ; Pupils 142. 

We had intended to give some idea of the modes of discipline practised 
in our schools, before the "masterly inactivity" of the rod and ferule. 
But limits forbid it, and we must conclude our sketch. Our schools are 
worthy of our pride, and are to be cherished as of the utmost importance 
to the perpetuity of freedom. Education is the corner-stone of liberty, 
and we cannot better close than by quoting the recent language of Presi- 
dent Everett. " I hold. Sir, that to read the English language jvell, that is, 
with intelligence, feeling, spirit, and effect ; — to write with despatch, a 
neat, handsome, legible hand (for it is, after all, a great object in writing 
to have others able to read what you write), and to be master of the four 
rules of Arithmetic, so as to dispose at once with accuracy of every ques- 
tion of figures which comes up in practical life; — I say I call this a good 
education ; and if you add the ability to write grammatical English, with 
the help of very few hard words, I regard it as an excellent education. 
These are the tools, — you can do much with them, but you are helpless 
without them, — they are the foundation ; and unless you begin with these, 
all your flashy attainments, a little natural philosophy, and a little mental 
philosophy, a little physiology and a little geology, and all the other olo- 
gies and osophies, are but ostentatious rubbish." 

The Council readily passed .he appropriation, and on the I3th of May, 



PUBLIC SCHOOLS. 243 

after eight ballolings, the choice of the Committee fell upon Nathan 
Bishop, Esq., then Superintendent of the Schools in Providence, R. I. 
On the Saturday following, His Honor, Mayor Bigelow, formally intro- 
duced that gentleman to the teachers, at the Council Room, in a pertinent 
speech, which was responded to by Mr. Bishop, accepting the office, and 
pledging his hearty cooperation to the Masters in all their labors. Mr. 
Sherwin, in behalf of the Masters, welcomed his appointment, and with 
the best possible circumstances, the new functionary came to his new la- 
bor to test the result of what all regard as an experiment, — which it is 
hoped may eventuate to the increased eminence and usefulness of our 
school system. His duties are thus defined by the School Board. 

" The Superintendent, in the discharge of his duties, shall act in accord- 
ance with the established regulations of the Public Schools, and in all 
cases be subordinate to the School Committee, and act under their ad- 
vice and direction. 

" He shall examine the Public Schools, and, semi-annually, shall present 
a report to the Board, of their condition, and shall suggest by what meas- 
ures their efficiency and usefulness may be increased, and whether by any 
means the expenses of our school system can be diminished without prej- 
udice to its interests. 

" He shall at all times render such aid and communicate such informa- 
tion to the Sub-Committees as they may require of him ; and he shall also 
assist in the annual examination in such manner, as shall be desired by 
the annual Examining Committee. 

" He shall devote himself to the study of our School System, and of the 
condition of the Schools, and shall keep himself acquainted with the prog- 
ress of instruction and discipline in other places, in order to suggest ap- 
propriate means for the advancement of the Public Schools in this city. 

"He shall make investigations as to the number and the condition of 
the children in the city, who are not receiving the benefits offered by the 
Public Schools, and, so far as is practicable, shall find out the reasons 
and suggest the remedies. 

"He shall consult with the different bodies, who have control in the 
building and altering of school-houses, and with all those through whom, 
either directly or indirectly, the school money is expended, that there may 
result more uniformity in their plans, and more economy in their expen- 
ditures. 

" He shall perform such other duties as the School Committee shall pre- 
scribe, or from time to time direct." 







244 






PUBLIC SCHOOLS. 












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Cost. 
$ 57,510 
same bui 
$ 42,642. 

44,980. 

13,343. 

22,151. 

28,022. 

30,000. 

24,072, 

18,394. 

69,603. 
5,889, 

13,596. 

21,314 

35,792 

24,484. 

60,210. 
7,485. 

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Location. 
Bedford street, 
Bedford street. 
Fourth street. 
Myrtle street, 
Washington place, 
Common street, 
Eutaw street. 
Concord street. 
North Bennet stree 
Washington street, 
Richmond place, 
Broadway, 
Meridian street, 
Broadway, 
Hawkins street, 
Pinckney street, 
Tyler street, 
Belknap street. 
Blossom street, 
East street. 








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CONCLUSION. 



CONCLUSION. 



We cannot belter close the present sketch of Boston and of a portion 
of its public institutions, than by using the observations of a contempo- 
rary, in reference to the influence of the Commonwealth. 

Massachusetts has always been eminent among the American States. 
Her metropolis has ever been the metropolis of New England. Her ex- 
ample has been imitated and her influence has been felt, wherever the 
sons of New England are found, or the name of New England is known. 
Her deeds are such as to justify even her own sons for an allusion to 
them. 

Her Puritan forefathers established the first system of self-government, 
combining law and order with liberty and equality, and based upon pure 
morality, universal education, and freedom in religious opinion, as the 
only foundation which can insure its permanency and prosperity. And 
i"^ her cradle was rocked the first child that drew its first breath under its 
benign influence. 

She has her Concord, her Lexington, and her Bunker Hill, all marked as 
the first battle-fields in that great struggle which severed the children 
from the parent, and made them free ; into their soil was poured the 
blood of the most worthy and the most noble patriots the world has ever 
known ; and " the bones of her sons, falling in the great struggle for in- 
dependence, now lie mingled with the soil of every State from New Eng- 
land to Georgia, and there they will lie for ever." 

The thirteen united colonies furnished for the regular service of the 
Revolutionary army, besides militia, 231,779 men, — an average of 17,830 
each. Of these, Massachusetts furnished 67,907, or 29 per cent, of the 
whole, 35,968 more than any other State, and 50,077 men more than, or 
nearly four times, her equal proportion. And she poured out her treasure 
for the outfit and support of her sons in the regular or militia service, and 
for the support of their families whom they left behind, and for other 
public purposes, in nearly the same proportion, and with the same liberal 
hand, as she did her physical force and her blood. 

She established, more than two hundred years ago, and near the begin- 
ning of her existence, free schools, open alike to all ; and they have been 
cherished and supported, from that time to the present, by money drawn 
from the treasuries of towns, replenished by taxes on the inhabitants. 
She expended in this way, in 1849, for these free schools, $830,577.33, — 
a sum equal to $3.87 for every child in the State between the ages of four 
and sixteen. The whole State has been dotted over with school-houses, 
like "sparkling diamonds in the heavens," giving intellectual light to 
all that come within their sphere. 



246 CONCLUSION. 

She established in the United States the first system for the public 
registration of births, marriages, and deaths, by which the personal his- 
tory and identity, and the sanitary condition of the inhabitants, may be 
ascertained. She founded the first Blind Asylum ; the first State Keform 
School; and aided in founding the first Deaf and Dumb Asylum; and 
her money, public and private, has flowed freely in the support of all the 
noble charities and religious enterprises of the age. 

One of her sons first introduced into the United States the remedy of 
vaccination for the prevention of small-pox, which has deprived that 
terrific disease of its power, whenever used, and rendered its approach 
generally harmless. Another of her sons has the honor of making the 
great discovery of etherization, by means of whose wonderful capabilities 
the surgeon's instrument is deprived of its sting, and labor of its sorrow ; 
the operator is permitted to pursue his work undisturbed, while the pa- 
tient remains passive, unconscious, and unmoved by the horrors which 
without it might be inflicted. The blessings of this great prevention of 
human suffering are already acknowledged and felt the world over. 

For these and very many other useful and honorable deeds, which might 
be specified, she has been named, by distinguished men of other States 
and countries, "the forefather's land," "the moral State," " the en- 
lightened State," "the patriotic State," " the philanthropic State," " the 
leading State," " the pattern State," " the noble Slate," " the glorious 
old Bay State." And many an ejaculation has gone up in all sincerity, 
" God bless her ; " " God save the Commonwealth of Massachusetts ! " 



"Citizens op Boston! — Consider your blessings; consider your 
duties. You have an inheritance acquired by the labors and sufferings 
of six successive generations of ancestors." 



DENIO & ROBERTS, 

MANUFACTURERS OF 

ttrglar ani Jfire Jr00f Safes, 




Give notice to their friends and the public generally, that they are now prepared 
with increased facilities ( having entirely rebuilt their factory on the old site) to 
execute orders for SAFES of any desired size or arrangements. They have 
constantly on hand an assortment for inspection, together with many valuable 
Certiiicatcs from responsible parties who have had their Safes severely tested by 
intense heat from fires to which they have been exposed, and to which they invite 
the attention of the public. »3r Orders executed for 

33-A.3Xri5: -^7- -A. XJ Xji T S , 

STEEL LKNIEB W1@N1EY GHESTSj, 

IRON DOORS, SHUTTERS, FENCES, 
At the Corner of Causeway & Friend Sts,, Boston. 



CHILSON'S NEW CONE FURNACE, 

( PRESENTING A CLUSTER OF CONES OVER THE FIRE,) 

Just Completeil and Patented in America, England and France. 

UTiiparallelecl I^couoniy in Fuel. 

Retaining and holding the 
Smoke and Gases in a cluster 
of Coxes, exposed to the re- 
flected rays of heat acting on 
their tapering surfaces, — not 
unlike the action of the sun on 
the sun-glass,— the ra}'s of heat 
and light being brought to a 
focus in each Cone, as repre- 
sented by the cut. 

The Inventor of this Fur- 
nace feels truly grateful to his 
friends and a generous public, 
for the extensive introduction, 
and very favorable reception 
that his formerly patented I'ur- 
nace has received in all parts 
of the land ; and now respect- 
fully asks those in -want of 
heating apparatus to examine 
this new invention, carefully 
and see if they do not find it 
a perfect remedy for the pres- 
ent enormous waste of heat 
carried off in the chimney. 

This newly discovered prin- 
ciple is being applied to Sioven, 
Steam Boilers, SfC, with re- 
FIVE SIZES. markable success. 

Also, THE TRIO PORTABLE FURSACE, 

Combining the principle of the CONE FURNACE, 
A WONDEKFUIi IMPROVEMENT ON ALL PREVIOUS PATTERNS. 

iiiisii^i f if lit "fiii" sfifis 

For Stores, Counting Rooms, <&:c., 

Which are now well known to the community, as the greatest economizers of 
Fuel ever invented, using but about one-half the Fuel of ordinary Stoves. 

WE WOITLD CALL ATTENTION TO OUR 

"jyHSTROPOLITAN COOKING RANGE," 

Which in all points, we consider the most perfect article ever offered in this market. 

CHIIi^OIV, OOUIiD & CO., 

99 & 101 BLACKSTONE STREET, BOSTON. 




E. & T. EAIEBANKS & CO. 





MANUFACTURERS OP 



RAILROAD TRACK 



DEPOT 



*SCAL1 



HAY SCALES, OF ANY REQUIRED CAPACITY; 
HEAVY PORTABLE SCALES, 

On Wheels, with Patent Spring Platform, for Foundries, Rolling Mills, Iron Stores, &c. ; 

Dormant and Portable Wareliouse and Store Scales, of all sizes; 

COUNTER AND GROCER'S SCALES, &C., 

All faithfully made of the best materials, and unequalled for accuracy 
durability and convenience. 

SCALES graduated to Foreign Standards, and suitably packed for Shipping. 

For Sale at the Manufacturers' Warehouse, 

34 KILBY STREET, BOSTON. 

GREENLEAF & EROWN, AGENTS. 



G. & B., also keep constantly on hand, a large assortment of IRON and 
BRASS BEAMS, of all sizes ; SPRING BALANCES of every variety ; DRUG- 
GISTS', APOTHECARIES' and PRESCRIPTION SCALES, with BRASS and 
MARBLE STANDS ; BERANGER'S CELEBRATED DRUGGISTS' SCALES ; 
BANK, BROKER^S and JEWELLER'S SCALES ; LETTER SCALES ; 
BUTCHERS' SCALES, with BRASS BEAMS, or adjusted with circular face 
SPRING BALANCES. 

BRASS, ZINC and IRON WEIGHTS ; SUGAR MILLS ; OIL PUMPS and 
CANS ; MEASURES, SCOOPS and TUNNELS ; SAFES, TRUCKS and 
STORE FURNITURE generally, all for sale at the lowest prices and wan-anted 
to give satisfaction. 



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